Censorship in Huck Finn

Control and the Importance of Accurate Historical Sources Mark Twain's great novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been reprimanded since the day it was discharged. A library in Concord MA restricted the book just a month after it was published and different libraries and schools have gone with the same pattern (Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn isn't the main story to be broadly restricted, yet it is one of the most dubious and well known.Many individuals guarantee that the novel is supremacist because of the continuous utilization of racial slurs and the lack of respect and abuse of the character Jim who is a runaway slave. Imprint Twain's celebrated novel is definitely not a bigot text since it is a chronicled record of the south during the 1840s, when bigotry was ordinary. The book's motivation was to stress reality and counterfeit the shortcomings in human instinct. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a little youngster na med Huckleberry Finn flees from his life and goes down the Mississippi River with his companion Jim, a runaway slave.The story follows Huck's ethical development and development all through his numerous undertakings and encounters. The significant defining moment of the book is when Huck understands that Jim thinks about him, and that he thinks about Jim consequently. As a youngster, Huck is encouraged that Jim isn't an individual on account of his skin shading and that he doesn't merit regard, however Huck finds that Jim is an individual and merits more regard than the vast majority Huckleberry met on his excursions. He results in these present circumstances choice on the grounds that Jim thinks about him and treats Huck superior to his own dad. Huck says â€Å"All right, at that point, I'll get lost. at the point when he chooses to conflict with the supremacist lessons of his youth and help Jim get his opportunity (Twain 216-217). The book was composed to show what life resembled during the 1840s and effectively uncovered the manner in which individuals saw one another and individuals of different races. In the start of the story, Huck treats Jim inadequately on the grounds that he is instructed that Jim is certifiably not a genuine individual and he could pull off it. One of the numerous stunts Huckleberry plays on Jim was concealing a snake in the cavern they were living in, however the snake chomps Jim and Huck acknowledges how coldblooded his stunt was and starts to feel frustrated about how he treats Jim (Twain 55).Events like this are the explanation individuals accept that Mark Twain's book is supremacist, yet without these models the book's motivation is tangled and the chronicled unwavering quality is no more. The book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is viewed as a dubious book since it contains critical language and instances of rude conduct towards non-white individuals. Discourse and activities like the ones in the book were normal in the set ting of the book (Knab 1). Individuals need to boycott or alter the first content of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, as a result of these components, however they despite everything permit these comments in other artistic works.Fredric Douglass utilized a similar language in his account that was distributed in 1845, forty years before Twain distributed The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, yet individuals don't challenge his work since he was a slave and his story is an authentic record of a slave's life (Bowker). The two stories are situated in a similar time, are about a similar subject, and both mean to be sensible depictions of regular daily existence during the 1840s, yet one is continually tested while the other is permitted to be as it is.People today are worried about being â€Å"politically correct† and â€Å"non-offensive†, yet they have arrived at where they are eager to change history to ensure the sentiments of specific individuals (Kay). In the event th at these â€Å"racist† comments and activities were expelled from The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the message of the book would not be clear, its chronicled precision annihilated, and the book would simply be an insignificant kids' story. Restriction is helpful to a degree, it permits individuals to keep develop data from kids, however when it is utilized on history it detracts from the significance of thinking about and gaining from the past.The reason bigotry is so essential to stay away from presently is a result of the negative impacts it had previously. In the event that individuals don't find out about these impacts, at that point they can not comprehend the significance of uniformity now. At the point when books are controlled, their verifiable exactness is lost and they can't instruct individuals on the significance of the past to present day (Kay). Without finding out about the great, awful, and revolting of the past, individuals wont have the option to appreciat e why the world is how it is and how they can stay away from the missteps of the past.If the hostile substance of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is evacuated, at that point individuals won't have the option to see the seriousness of prejudice during the 1840s (Bosman). On the off chance that the book is edited, at that point where Pap begins yelling about the â€Å"injustice† of an accomplished dark man having the option to cast a ballot won't have the effect it should, speaking to the assessment of the normal white male in the south (Twain 28). The tale The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is viewed as a magnum opus (Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and a work of art (Robert O'Meally) because of the first riting and course of action. Without these components, that individuals need to change, the book would not be as prestigious or exceptionally respected. Despite the fact that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn may have some substance that insults a few people and they accept that it is smarter to expel the hostile substance, it would detract from the plot and significance of the story. In the event that the novel truly irritates somebody, at that point they don't need to peruse it again or even complete the process of understanding it, however they don't reserve the privilege to change the expressions of another person to suit their own ideals.The expressions of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn were all painstakingly picked by Mark Twain to convey the message of his story and altering them would damage his difficult work. Twain frequently whined about his editors and editors changing his work (Kurutz). The book was composed by Mark Twain and on the off chance that he saw the need to include these dubious components, at that point we ought not meddle with his choice or his chronicled precision (Kay). At that point novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is definitely not a bigot text, nor is Mark Twain a supremacist himself.Mark Twain' s tale was composed as an authentic record of life during the 1840s and accordingly, any substance that could be viewed as hostile to some is completely added to make the abstract work progressively practical and an increasingly exact depiction of life in the setting. Without these components, the tale of Huckleberry's ethical development would not be as evolved and the message of the book won't be as unmistakable. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ought not be blue-penciled in light of the fact that the manner in which the book is composed gives an exact record of life during the 1840s and without the composing remaining all things considered, the entire respectability of the work will be diminished.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is viewed as an exemplary on account of how it was composed. Changing the content changes the entire book and since the book is so exceptionally viewed for what it's worth, it ought to continue as before. At the point when individuals guarantee that a book is bigot, they make this suspicion dependent on the substance of the book. What individuals need to note is the point at which the book is set, its distribution date, and the reason for the hostile substance. With The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the story happens during the 1840s when prejudice was very common.It additionally was distributed in 1885 when individuals in the United States were battling with bigotry after the Civil War. The hostile substance of the book is utilized to depict what life resembled during the 1840s and to deride the conduct of the individuals of that time. At the point when the book was composed, language like that utilized in the content was as yet normal and not seen as hostile as it does now. Imprint Twain's epic The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn isn't bigot, it just contains supremacist substance, and this substance makes the story what it is and builds up its meaning.To remove this significant component of the scholarly work to secure the s entiments of certain people would demolish the story and would hurt a greater number of individuals than it would help. To blue pencil The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn would remove a significant wellspring of authentic information that permits us to see the significance of how our general public has changed and created. Without this information, individuals will overlook the significance of the advancement mankind has made and won't have the option to stay away from the missteps we have just made overall in the past.Because of these reasons, changing the extraordinary artistic work of Mark Twain Is superfluous in light of the fact that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is anything but a bigot text and introduction to the unforgiving real factors in the story will help the individuals of today to genuinely comprehend our past all in all and improve our future. Works Cited Page Bosman, Julie. â€Å"Publisher Tinkers with Twain. † National Post. 4 Jan 2011. Print. Bowker, Gen e. â€Å"Mark Twain, bigotry and Huckleberry Finn. † Examiner. com. Web. 9 Feb 2013 ;http://www. analyst. om/article/mark-twain-prejudice and-huckleberry-finn; Kay, Barbara. â€Å"We Shouldn't Censor History. † National Post. 10 Jan 2011. Print. Knab, Jakob. Bigotry in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 2011. Print. Kurutz,, Steven. â€Å"A Twain Scholar Reacts to the New, Censored Version ‘Huckleberry Finn’. † National Post. 9 Jan 2011. Print. PBS. â€Å"Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. † Web. 9 Feb 2013 ;http://www. pbs. organization/wgbh/cultureshock/flashpoints/writing/huck. html; Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003. Print.

De-Scalers Essay

At the point when water is warmed limescale stores can frame, particularly in machines, for example, completely programmed espresso producers, coffee machines and all high temp water units. In this setting you frequently catch wind of hard and delicate water. The hardness of the water demonstrates the extent of limescale. Your water flexibly organization will give more data about hardness of your water. On the off chance that your groundwater moves through calcareous stone layers, dissolved magnesium and calcium carbonate will cause limescale stores in your water. For what reason do I have to evacuate limescale? Notwithstanding loss of espresso flavor limescale stores can seriously harm your machine and abbreviate its life expectancy altogether. Limescale stores in your machine lead to: Longer singing time with higher power charges Lower water temperatures causing second rate espresso flavor Blocked machines pipe Corrosion of metal parts and fixing gaskets Expensive fixes Only normal and opportune descaling with a great descaler, for example, ceragol ultra Premium Descaler, guarantees a long life expectancy and ideal espresso flavor. Your espresso creator is an innovative machine which needs standard, delicate consideration. What do you anticipate from your descaler? Limescale stores are evacuated by acids in the descaler. Just the correct blend of viable acids and delicate added substances for the metal parts and fixing gaskets takes into consideration ideal outcomes during descaling. The snappy response time and prompt reusability of the machine in the wake of washing are fundamental requests on a premium descaler. Why amidosulfonic corrosive? Descaling with citrus or acidic acids The enormous issue while descaling with citrus or acidic acids are the discharged flavor added substances which cause a prominent smell during descaling. The plastic pieces of your completely robotized espresso creator tend to taken on these scents and impact the smell and taste of your espresso contrarily. Plastic parts and fixing gaskets of your unit can be assaulted by the vinegar or acidic corrosive. Citrus extract will in general chip during descaling. This can obstruct the valves and water channels and lead to high fix charges. An extra issue is that the limescale is really fixed in by an insoluble layer which happens over and over when utilizing descalers dependent on citrus extracts. Descaling with vinegar, acidic corrosive or citrus extract takes fundamentally longer than descaling with ceragol ultra Premium Descaler. Descaling with amidosulfonic corrosive Descaling with amidosulfonic corrosive, the dynamic element of our ceragol ultra Premium Descaler, doesn't require any response time. During the descaling program the limescale is broken down and flushed away. This procedure is totally scentless and nonpartisan in taste. After exhaustive washing your machine is indeed food-safe. The added substances in ceragol ultra Premium Descaler monitor and secure the metal and plastic parts of your completely programmed espresso producer. The perfect chance to descale Automatic espresso machine w. auto descaling pointer Please get some information about the hardness of your water and set the water hardness as per the working guidelines of your maker. Your machine will demonstrate when descaling is required. Programmed espresso machine w/o descaling marker Descaling gets important when you notice a deferral in activity or inconsistencies during espresso planning. Another indication is the decrease of the measure of froth created on the espresso. The machine must be descaled occasionally and in due time.

The Past, Present and Future

All through the most recent 50 years, mankind has seen numerous progressions that have attired and transformed ourselves from various perspectives. The rise of innovation in our lives, for instance, has made life gotten less difficult by making associations simpler between individuals. Changes, for example, these have caused numerous contrasts between every age. While contrasting the life of our age and our parent's age we can see that different angles have changed Like innovation, training and life style.Through the most recent two decades we've seen an ascent In perspectives that we loaded know about previously. Innovation Is an Issue that our age was significantly Influenced and influenced by. Through the Internet better approaches for associations, were brought to the table creation life simpler for our age. In the former times one needed to experience tough endeavors In request to just contact someone else, anyway these days because of online life, associations between individua ls are Just a single tick away. The quick and nice collaborations that online networking Imposed on us changed the lifestyle between the two ages completely.Likewise: instruction is one of the perspectives that bloomed in our advanced days causing dissimilarities between this age and the past age. Because of the regular mindfulness that we have been presented to in regards to the significance of training throughout everyday life, instruction has gotten all the more effectively available for individuals of various classes of the general public. Quantities of instructed individuals in our age has expanded colossally contrasting with our parent's age. Instructive organizations have now new and progressively innovative methods of teaching.On the opposite training in the past age was constrained to the nearby foundations; global schools and colleges were not many and excessively costly. Additionally, the instruction technique in the past age varies from the strategies we're utilizing now ; our folks' instructive framework basically relied upon coddling. In nowadays we are educated to think all the more basically, more profound, and fresh. Another viewpoint that changed between the two ages is their ways of life. Because of media and the globalization of media our viewpoint and assessments about different issues have changed.For model, due to open representation of sex, liquor and medications in motion pictures, our age see these by one way or another questionable points as fair, In our age these issues are being drilled all the more bounteously while in the past these issues were seen as unethically. Likewise you can plainly observe contrasts In the littlest subtleties of our life like music. For Instance; the past age's preference for music was increasingly fitting, rousing, persuasive and positive narrating than this generation's.Songs like â€Å"Man In the Mirror† had a positive importance behind their verses â€Å"I'm beginning with the man In the mirror . I'm requesting that he alter his way of life. What's more, no message could have been any more clear. In the event that you need to improve the world a spot. Investigate yourself, and afterward roll out an improvement. † Michael Jackson. â€Å"Man in the Mirror. † Race. May 1987. Terrible. Michael Jackson, Quince melodious sorts of music, as Electronic Dance Music. Craftsmen like Michael Jackson, The Battles and Affair aren't as well known as they were before.Also, words like â€Å"Rave† â€Å"PLURAL† and â€Å"#Damselfly† are currently being utilized in spite of the way that they weren't known previously. To place it more or less, we can undoubtedly observe the distinctions of our age and our parent's age in numerous angles like innovation, training and way of life. It's common, and as Jim Morrison said â€Å"Each age needs new images, new individuals, new names. They need to separate from themselves from their predecessors†. We can withou t much of a stretch relate that the following ages will be significantly more not the same as our age.

Deviant behavior within cults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Degenerate conduct inside factions - Essay Example As indicated by a gauge somewhere in the range of (3,000) of such factions have been accounted for to exist everywhere throughout the world with a complete populace of at any rate 3,000,000 individuals appended to them as their adherents. The mystery strict services in Greek were actually called the Mysteries. The historical backdrop of Mysteries is followed back to the times of old Greece in the year 600 B.C. when in a Greek city Eleusis, the individuals rehearsed a faction of Eleusinian Mysteries. Those Greek who rehearsed this clique, which included the love of Demeter, the goddess of richness, were guaranteed favors in the existence in the future. In old Rome the gathering, containing for the most part of troopers, and having a place with the 'Mithraism Cult' additionally rehearsed Mysteries. The individuals from this clique revered the divine force of fire and light called Mithra. (Raitt, Jill., n.p.n.d.) It was difficult to turn into an individual from a faction in old occasions. Prior to their permission into a specific clique, individuals needed to experience thorough trial of their understanding and ardent adherence. A portion of the means and instrument including acceptance of new individuals into the clique included: 2. The new participants at that point make a vow and vow for their adherence to the clique in order to become perpetual part. The individuals build up a feeling of having a place with that specific faction whose participation they achieve. The devotees of the faction at that point start to soak up inside them the attributes of clique, their mindset changing over into solid loyalty to the gathering as meant by the expression Us versus Them 3. Belief of the individuals: Members bit by bit are made to build up a conviction that it is just they or their gathering which is on the way of truth. What's more, different types of truth as depicted in different supernaturally religions become negligible to them. The procedure of employable exclusivists becomes possibly the most important factor permitting consciousness of a few unrevealed doctrines and unique data just to the individuals who are intrigued and demonstrated their unwaveringness inside the gathering. 4. The common result of this conviction is the isolation of such a gathering from the current society. The sentiments of antagonistic vibe for different citizenry who are not individuals from such a faction are radiated from the procedure of influence from clique's convictions. 5. Self-nullification: Cults request penance of individual wishes, wants or wishes from its individuals. It is through the act of this guideline of self-invalidation that individuals show eagerness to forfeit their self-comfort, getting along without cash, and squashing their aggressive dreams for satisfying factions thought processes and the supposed salvation The Modern Cults As the time passed, the importance of clique experienced a change particularly after 1960s. The new definition

Sample on Uniform Electronic Transaction Act

Sample on Uniform Electronic Transaction Act Uniform Electronic Transaction Act Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Introduction The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act constitutes of concisely twenty one sections. The Act is intentioned to be a procedural act that provides a legal framework that provides a means for electronic transactions. The Act compliments the legal gap that exists due to the conversion of paper records and transactions by most entities into electronic media. The intention of the Act is, however, not to lead to establishment of new substantive rules. The Act establishes the recognition of legal signatures and records through the electronic means. It, thus, provides a breakthrough from the manual paper work to the electronic record. The Act provides recognition in regard to the electronic records. The Act also provides for the doctrine of attribution which binds the actions of an individual to the electronic signature and record of the individual transaction. This provides the security to the contracting parties in case of denial by one party.

What physics equation sheets can do for you and what they really, really can’t

In your time taking physics courses, you will likely run into one that deals with equation sheets. These can be note cards or an entire sheet of paper, and anything that can fit on it is fair game and can be brought into a test. The natural reaction might be to try to cram and squeeze an entire textbook on those sheets using really, really tiny handwriting, but this is probably not the most efficient use of your time. The first introduction physics class I took let us fill out such a sheet for each exam, front and back. I proceeded to cram every relevant equation that had been covered by lectures onto that one sheet. This worked fine for the first exam, but reality came back to bite me for the second test. Even though my sheet was packed to the brim with useful equations, I had no idea how to apply them, and my score dropped considerably. It’s been years and many physics courses since that first class. I’ve taken classes that allow equation sheets and open notes, and ones that don’t allow anything. Through all the exams I’ve taken, I have found the following to be true about equation sheets, especially as material gets more involved. On the positive side of things†¦ They can give you a sense of what material has been covered so far and what you need to study On the exam, they serve as a safety net for when you blank on an equation However†¦ They won’t give you intuition for how to approach problem solving – this only comes with practice! Because of space constraints, they won’t give you a deep and thorough understanding of topics covered on the test So, there is a time and a place for these sheets, but you can’t rely only on them when studying and test taking! I would suggest the following approach to a test that allows equation sheets: Quickly review the material first to determine what will be on the test. This can involve reading notes, textbook chapters, past homework assignments, etc. As you review, think about what concepts are covered on the test and what kinds of problems are likely to be asked. Assemble your sheet based on what you reviewed in Step 1. Try not to write down every version of the same equation, and if you are using an expression that applies to a specific case (like an approximation) make sure you understand and indicate that it is a special case. If you focus on understanding everything that goes on the sheet, this is another means of studying! Run through practice problems and practice tests using the sheet you made. You may find that there are topics where you depend heavily on the sheet and others where you don’t even have to look. This is usually an indication of how well you understand the material, and you can focus your studying and amend the equation sheet based on this. These methods have that worked for me, but each person is different. Ultimately, you may have to experiment a bit to find your own tried-and-true approach. But, I hope this post has helped at least somewhat. If you start off by using these sheets intuitively and strategically, you won’t make the same mistakes I did! Rebecca C. graduatedmagna cum laudewith honors from Brown University with a Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Physics. Rebecca is a current PhD candidate in Applied Physics at Harvard University’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Her research focus is in nonlinear optics and integrated photonics, although her research lab also works heavily in quantum optics. Rebecca C. specializes in physics and mathematics tutoring. Rebecca C. has worked with a range of students, from elementary school to college level. At Brown, she served as a Meiklejohn peer advisor for two years and tutored fellow college students in physics and math courses for three years. ; Interested to learn more physics tips and tricks? Check out some of our previous blog posts below! Introduction to Physics: The Language of the Universe How to Solve Kinematics Problems: Using Vectors Physics Tutor: What is Moment and How do you Calculate it?

Reporte consular para ciudadanía por derecho de sangre

El reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero prueba que una persona nacida fuera de Estados Unidos es ciudadana americana por derecho de sangre. Es el equivalente al acta o certificado de nacimiento que se emite a todas las personas que nacen en los EEUU. Y este reporte sirve para demostrar que se es ciudadano americano, para poder sacar el pasaporte y para obtener otros beneficios que corresponden por la ciudadanà ­a como Medicaid, Chip, etc en el caso de ir a vivir a USA. Datos bà ¡sicos de la ciudadanà ­a americana La nacionalidad de los Estados Unidos puede adquirirse por cinco caminos distintos. La mayorà ­a la adquieren por lo que se conoce derecho de suelo, pero este artà ­culo trata de un caso especial que tambià ©n es relativamente frecuente: la obtencià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por derecho de sangre.   Es decir, un  menor adquire la ciudadanà ­a americana a pesar de haber nacido en otro paà ­s porque el padre, la madre o ambos son americanos en el momento en el que tuvo lugar su nacimiento. Quià ©n puede solicitar el reporte consular de nacimiento en el extranjero, cuà ¡ndo y cuà ¡nto cuesta Para poder solicitr el reporte consular es necesario que la nacionalidad estadounidense cumpla todos los requisitos para transmitirse. No es suficiente que el papà ¡ o la mamà ¡ sea ciudadano de los Estados Unidos. Los requisitos son distintos segà ºn el progenitor estadounidense sea el padre o la madre o ambos y tambià ©n de su estado civil. Si se cumple lo que establece la ley, entonces se podrà ¡ solicitar el reporte consular. El padre o la madre que es ciudadano estadounidense (o ambos, si es el caso) son los autorizados para pedir el reporte consular. Tambià ©n puede hacerlo cualquier padre, si tiene una orden judicial en la que se le reconoce en exclusividad la guardia y custodia sobre el menor. Incluso es posible que el padre o la madre americana autoricen a otra persona a que realice la peticià ³n. En este caso, se necesitarà ¡ una declaracià ³n jurada notarizada concediendo la autorizacià ³n. Ademà ¡s, debe solicitarse antes de que el nià ±o o la nià ±a cumplan los 18 aà ±os de edad. Pero es muy recomendable que se haga cuanto antes, incluso inmediatamente despuà ©s del nacimiento. En todo caso, debe solicitarse antes de que el menor viaje a los Estados Unidos por primera vez. Esta gestià ³n tiene, en la actualidad, un costo de $100. Cà ³mo se tramita el Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Extranjero El primer paso es ir a la pà ¡gina de internet de la oficina consular mà ¡s cercana y seguir las instrucciones para hacer una cita para solicitar el reporte (CRBA, por sus iniciales en inglà ©s). A continuacià ³n hay que preparar y conseguir la documentacià ³n que se necesita para ir a la cita al consulado. Primero, hay que rellenar el formulario DS-2029. Es muy importante recordar no firmarlo, ya que ese es un paso que se debe hacer ante el oficial consular. Tampoco se debe rellenar los apartados 28/29 y 30, que lo harà ¡ el cà ³nsul. Ademà ¡s, es necesario aportar la siguiente documentacià ³n: 1. -El acta de nacimiento del nià ±o. Es fundamental que conste el nombre completo, correcto y debidamente deletreado del padre y de la madre (salvo en los casos de maternidad en solitario). 2.- Prueba de que el padre, la madre o ambos son ciudadanos americanos. La mejor forma de probarlo es con un pasaporte estadounidense en vigor. Otros documentos que se admiten son el acta de nacimiento, si ha nacido en Estados Unidos, o el certificado de naturalizacià ³n, si nacià ³ en otro paà ­s, emigrà ³ a EEUU y en algà ºn momento en el pasado obtuvo la ciudadanà ­a americana. 3.- Si se està ¡ casado, prueba del matrimonio. Asimismo, si se ha estado casado con anterioridad es necesario mostrar un documento que acredite cà ³mo acabà ³ el matrimonio anterior: viudedad, divorcio o anulacià ³n. 4.- Una declaracià ³n jurada por parte del progenitor estadounidense que se llama Affidavit of Parentage, Physical Presence and Support. En dicha declaracià ³n el padre o la madre juran que han vivido en Estados Unidos el tiempo necesario para poder transmitirle su nacionalidad al hijo o hija nacidos en el extranjero. Y es que no basta con ser americano, hay que haber vivido en USA cierto nà ºmero de aà ±os y poder demostrarlo. Tener presente que las reglas son diferentes segà ºn el caso. Se piden distintos aà ±os de residencia en EEUU segà ºn se trate de padre o madre o si està ¡n solteros o casados. Ademà ¡s, no basta con declarar que se ha vivido el tiempo requerido, hay que poder demostrarlo con documentacià ³n como por ejemplo: registros escolares, pasaportes anteriores, pago de impuestos, cotizaciones al Seguro Social, rà ©cords mà ©dicos, contratos o facturas a su nombre, rà ©cord militar, etc. Recibir el Certificado de Registro de Nacimiento en el Exterior Los consulados tramitan esta gestià ³n, pero el documento se emite en Estados Unidos. Por lo tanto hay que indicar dà ³nde se quiere recibir, dà ¡ndose la opcià ³n de una direccià ³n en Estados Unidos, en el paà ­s de residencia (en algunos casos) o en la oficina consular. En otras palabras, el dà ­a de la entrevista no se saldrà ¡ del consulado con el certificado en la mano. Consejos a tener en cuenta Los documentos deben ser originales o copias autentificadas por la autoridad que las emite con el sello oficial correspondiente. No sirven fotocopias ni tampoco copias notarizadas. Salvo casos muy excepcionales, siempre se devuelven esta documentacià ³n. Las reglas que regulan la transmisià ³n de la nacionalidad americana de padres a hijos cuando à ©stos nacen en el extranjero ha cambiado a lo largo de los aà ±os. En los casos de duda, hay siempre que verificar quà © ley aplicaba en el momento del nacimiento del hijo de un americano.   Ademà ¡s, hay que tener en cuenta que aunque hoy en dà ­a es muy difà ­cil perder la nacionalidad americana, hasta hace recientemente poco tiempo eso no era asà ­. Para estos casos a veces es posible recuperar la ciudadanà ­a. Por à ºltimo, cuando un ciudadano americano no puede transmitir a su hijo la nacionalidad por no cumplir con el requisito de nà ºmero de aà ±os vividos en EEUU, a veces es posible tramitar para ese menor una naturalizacià ³n especial adquiriendo la ciudadanà ­a por los abuelos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asistencia legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

VBscripting - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 713 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? ************************************************* Program description: Script to show the week of the day, the present day of the week and also the array that outputs all weeks of the week. It also explores the input and output methods using VBscripting and the decision making using the IF-ELSE. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "VBscripting" essay for you Create order Note The programme has to be copied to notepad or notepad++ and saved to a file format. The file format should be .vbs that can be achieved by saving as from the file menu. With notepad it is good practice to use quotes (â€Å"FileName.vbs†) while naming the file for the extension to work correctly ************************************************ Introduction The section covers variables, constants and data type ************************************************ Option Explicit Dim Message, result Dim Title, var1, var2 Define dialog box variables. Message = Please enter a path Title = WSH sample user input Var1 = User input canceled var2 = You entered: vbCrLf Ready to use the InputBox function InputBox(prompt, title, default, xpos, ypos) prompt:  Ã‚  Ã‚   The text shown in the dialog box title:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The title of the dialog box default:  Ã‚   Default value shown in the text box xpos/ypos: Upper left position of the dialog box If a parameter is omitted, VBScript uses a default value. result = InputBox(Message, Title, C:\Windows, 100, 100) Evaluate the user input. If result = Then  Ã‚  Ã‚   Canceled by the user WScript.Echo var1 Else WScript.Echo var2 result End If *** End ************************************************ Loop structures and arrays in details using the days of the week.The section of the programme checks on the day of the day and remind the user by using looping and array Also constants and variables are explored further in the section ************************************************ Define constant and variables. Const title = Dear, John !  Ã‚  Ã‚   Users name can be changed according to client needs Dim text the variable cNotes is used as an array that contains messages for each day of the week. Dim cNotes Now we define an array with the daily messages. cNotes = Array ( _ Hey, its Sunday. Please take a rest, my friend., _ Its Monday. Lets begin the week., _ Oops, its Tuesday. One day of the week is gone., _ Dont worry, its Wednesday., _ Hurray, its Thursday., _ Thank goodness its Friday., _ Saturday! Why dont you relax this weekend?) Here we define the date within the welcome message. text = WeekDayName(Weekday(Now()), False, 1) _ , MonthName(Month(Now)) _ Day(Now()) , _ Year(Now()) Now we append a custom message to the date. text = text vbCrLf vbCrLf cNotes(Weekday(Now()) 1) Display the message. MsgBox Text, vbOKOnly + vbInformation, title *** End ******************************************************************** The section is about vbscript input and output methods are ******************************************************************** File Input-Output method implemented, decision making statements are explored using the if-else function and the procedures are explored. VBScript Write File ******************************************************************** Option Explicit Dim objFSO, objFolder, objShell, objTextFile, objFile Dim strDirectory, strFile, strText strDirectory = f:\logs3 strFile = \Summer.txt the file name to be created on to your computer strText = You are smart on your work. The test that need to be written on the file generated above. Create the File System Object Set objFSO = CreateObject(Scripting.FileSystemObject) Check that the strDirectory folder exists If objFSO.FolderExists(strDirectory) Then Set objFolder = objFSO.GetFolder(strDirectory) Else Set objFolder = objFSO.CreateFolder(strDirectory) WScript.Echo Just created strDirectory End If If objFSO.FileExists(strDirectory strFile) Then Set objFolder = objFSO.GetFolder(strDirectory) Else Set objFile = objFSO.CreateTextFile(strDirectory strFile) Wscript.Echo Just created strDirectory strFile End If set objFile = nothing set objFolder = nothing OpenTextFile Method needs a Const value ForAppending = 8 ForReading = 1, ForWriting = 2 Const ForAppending = 8 Set objTextFile = objFSO.OpenTextFile _ (strDirectory strFile, ForAppending, True) Writes strText every time you run this VBScript objTextFile.WriteLine(strText) objTextFile.Close Bonus or cosmetic section to launch explorer to check file If err.number = vbEmpty then Set objShell = CreateObject(WScript.Shell) objShell.run (Explorer strDirectory \ ) Else WScript.echo VBScript Error: err.number End If WScript.Quit End of VBScript to for vbscript for file input and output method, decision making and methods. ******************************************************************** Function section that displays a message box ******************************************************************** Answer = getResponse() Function getResponse() Dim answ timeOut = 10 title = â€Å"error!† button = 2 create object. Set w = WScript.CreateObject(â€Å"WScript.shell†) getResponse = w.Popup( â€Å"Write failure. Try again?†.timeOut.title.button) End Function **** end of the Function method

Reconstruction After the Civil War Essay example - 1848 Words

Presidential Reconstruction and Congressional Reconstruction have some differences and some similarities. Reconstruction was a huge thing at this time in America. Abraham Lincoln was a huge part of reconstruction and when he was assassinated, Andrew Johnson took over his role of President and of reconstructing the south. Abraham Lincoln wanted to fix the intersectional hatred that was caused from the civil war. On December 8, 1863 Lincoln set a general policy that by taking an oath southerners could reinstate themselves as US citizens. Abraham Lincoln was working hard to bring southern states back into the Union. One way he tried was with the Ten Percent Plan. In this Ten Percent Plan, 10% of people voting in a state had†¦show more content†¦In response to blacks getting more and more rights, rebel groups formed to perform terror attacks on the blacks within their communities. The most known, even today, was the Ku Klux Klan. The members of this society used scare tactics to keep blacks from voting, and they succeeded in scaring many off, even after law enforcement stepped in. African Americans were able to vote when the Southern states felt pressure to get the military out of their major districts. Many black voters voted Republican; this led many southern states to restrict their voting. Congress then set the fifteenth amendment in place, this laid out the rights that all men had to vote. This is the reason reconstruction failed African Americans, when Johnson overruled the Freedmen’s Bureau. This was also apparent when he vetoed the Civil Rights Act. Even though African Americans had people in congress that believed their fate was unfair, these people had enemies in the opposing party. This friction led to the fate that blacks would suffer through for years to come. 2 Ranching, mining, farming, and railroad building affected western expansion after the Civil War.New buildings and new towns were built around these industries.Native Americans were not too fond of all of the expansion.The land used for farming and such was the Native Americans land and anyone wanting to farm or mine was able to use that land for him or herself.With this expansion came ChineseShow MoreRelatedThe Reconstruction After The Civil War977 Words   |  4 Pagesend to start something new. One such movement was the Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time period between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War, during which people of the United States worked to put the country back together again, introducing a new set of significant challenges. Though, like all things in life, it did come to an end, the resulting outcome had been labeled both a success and a failure. The Reconstruction after the Civil War consisted of failures as well as successes. DespiteRead MoreReconstruction after the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Reading John Hope Franklin’s  Reconstruction after the Civil War  I have a completely new outlook on reconstruction. Some may say that this book, regardless of its historical contribution on Reconstruction, which it tries to demolish William Dunning’s myth of white supremacy. It is also has a very serious attempt to be fair and objective about a very controversial period when race, politics and ideology played a very different role in Society. It is precisely in Franklin’s abilityRead MoreThe Reconstruction of America after the Civil War1078 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War left a country divided not only by property lines and borders but by beliefs as well. Not just religious beliefs, moral beliefs also. It left both sides, north and south struggling, trying to figure out what their next move towards reuniting the divided America was going to be. The period following the end of the Civil War would become known as the â€Å"Reconstruction Era.† An era that raised just as many questions as it did answers. A reconstruction of America that seems to carry on manyRead MoreReconstruction After Civil War Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction Reconstruction was a period of time between 1865 and 1877, which was very complex and controversial. It refers to the actual rebuilding of the south physically, economically and politically from the damage of the Civil War. It was an effort to rebuild southern states and also to restore the Union. During this time period, the federal government passed a series of laws, acts and amendments to bring change. Many of these amendments guaranteed the equal rights to African-AmericansRead MoreEssay on Reconstruction After the Civil War934 Words   |  4 PagesThe period of Reconstruction began during the Civil War and ended in 1877. This era is known for the advancements made in favor of racial equality. These improvements included the fourteenth amendment (citizenship and equal protection under the law to blacks) and the fifteenth amendment (voting rights for blacks) of the Constitution. Yet, with the end of Reconstruction in 1877, the Republican Party lost control of the southern governments and the Democratic Party took over. This shift in power wasRead MoreReconstruction After the Civil War Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesReconstruction was the foremost goal for many after the civil war. Yet, various individuals and political parties held a plethora of contrasting beliefs concer ning how to face this reconstruction task. In terms of the Reconstruction, two ideas permeated the political field: who would have the authority to enact these changes and in what ways would national unity be accomplished. It is obvious that throughout this time the power held within the federal government would be challenged by southern stateRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era after the Civil War558 Words   |  2 Pages The Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction Era was looked upon with much optimism, considering that abolitionists and African Americans believed that this process would make it possible for them to achieve their goals. The project was generally meant to assist the South in reintegrating in the Union and in assisting African Americans to become equal to white individuals in the U.S. The Freedmen were apparently one of the main missions that the Reconstruction was designed for and it actually seemedRead MoreAmerican Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay1228 Words   |  5 Pages Reconstruction was a period of time after the Civil War (1865-1877) that was supposed to be the rebuilding of America. It was also the process used to readmit all the Confederate states back into the Union. There was controversy, however, on how to go about rebuilding the nation. Abraham Lincoln proposed a lenient plan. After he was assassinated, Andrew Johnson proposed a very similar plan. The Radical Republicans, a group of legislators that were in favor of freedmen’s rights, were opposedRead MoreReconstruction Policy after the Civil War Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesPost-civil war the torn nation juggles wide ranges of emotions as they attempt to piece together the shattered unity but didn’t know how to go about doing so. President Lincoln had great plans for the reconstruction but was killed before he could put them into action. He was murdered by John Booth at Ford Theater and passed the next morning. Lincoln’s Vice-president, Andrew Johnson, took ove r and became the new president. Johnson and Congress argued about how to go about the reconstruction and inRead MoreThe Problems of the Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the conclusion of America’s Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln pitched the idea of â€Å"Reconstruction,† which would bring the southern states back into the Union. President Lincoln, according to many radical Republicans, was too gentle on the south. The government was divided on how to solve the issue of readmitting the southern states back into the Union. In addition to that, the government was not certain on what rights to enumerate to the newly emancipated slaves. These issues became more

Homeland Security And The Security - 1435 Words

Differences The idea of securing the nation’s borders and securing the safety of the citizens has been a major topic since the beginning of the nation’s existence. There have always been means and procedures for it but it was never defined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and a lot of emphasis is being provided so as to ensure the safety of the borders and the citizens of the United States. So one must ponder what the difference between homeland security and homeland defense are since they both tend to mean the same†¦show more content†¦Later, the federal, state, and local government responses to disasters such as Hurricane Katrina expanded the concept of homeland security to include significant disasters, major public health emergencies, and other events that threaten the United States, its economy, the rule of law, and government operations (2). Homeland security is the combination of law enforcement, immigration, disaster relief, and terrorist activities within the United States’ borders. This would be based on the local agencies and civilian departments to safeguard the people from any threat within while being assisted by the government. In some aspects of terror attacks, there will be a combination of both homeland security and homeland defense. 9/11 is the perfect example as homeland security was responding to the local disasters and threats while the homeland defense, military, was deploying to get to the root of the threats. This is essential to the way homeland security operates because this will stop the attack on the nation’s soil before it reaches the borders and local government agencies are required. The biggest issue with the homeland security aspect is that the

A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(172) " will do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and will assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for injury instances\." The importance in measuring the acceptableness to users of a Picture Archiving and Communication System in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie. In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. We will write a custom essay sample on A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement is still non proven, therefore survey on the impact of PACS on clinician shall function the intent. In our scenes, up until December 2011, determinations at the exigency room that rely on the skiagraphy entailed some waiting clip as what normally happens in film-based skiagraphy. The debut of PACS promises to alter this scenario in favor of quicker image handiness movie developing is omitted in the procedure. Quicker handiness of the radiogram due to the presence of networked computing machine system of sharing the digital images. Aim DATA SUBSTRATES OPERATIONALLY DEFINED VARIABLES Analysis To find the impact of filmless imaging on the frequence with which physicians entree radiology images. Data assemblage sheet Frequency of the entree of doctor to radiology images Quantitative variable like frequence shall be analyzed utilizing mean and standard divergence. To measure clinician perceptual experience of image handiness with the usage of Picture Archiving and Communication System ( PACS ) . Data assemblage sheet Percept of clinician on image handiness Qualitative variable will be analysing utilizing proportion.Relationship of Research Objectives, Data Substrate, Operationally Defined Variables and Data Analy Introduction I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Filmless imagination is a construct which has changed health care. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are described as the â€Å" centralised depository for all imagination informations and diagnostic images ( eg, x-rays, CT scans, MRI scans ) and radiology studies electronically to clinicians at the point-of-care, contradicting the demand for a film-base.1 Diagnostic imagination is a cardinal constituent of information impacting the attention a patient receives. Picture Archive and Communication Systems ( PACS ) are comprehensive webs of digital devices designed for acquisition, transmittal, storage, show, and direction of diagnostic imagination surveies. The construct of a digital image communicating and show system was devised in the 1970s, with the initial conference on PACS designs launched in 1982 ( Huang, 1999, 2003 ) . The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command installed the i ¬?rst large-scale PACS in the United States called the medical diagnos tic imaging support system in 1992 ( Smith et al. , 1995 ) .2 Over the last 30 old ages PACS been developed for the intent of making more efficient and effectual health care. The construct of PACS was originally developed to better efficiency non merely in the radiology sections but besides in other sections like the exigency room. A figure of surveies have been conducted to find if PACS achieves its ends of bettering efficiency and effectivity within wellness systems. These surveies focus on its impacts on work flow, functions, patient results, and costs, with variable decisions. 3 Digital skiagraphy, this is the first movie free X ray imaging system in Mindanao. DDH ( Davao Doctors Hospital ) upgraded to CR ( Computed Radiography ) and implemented PACS ( Picture Archiving and Communication System ) for all imaging modes ( CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and Radiography ) . In trauma instances, this will give advantage to occupants in the appraisal as early diagnosing is necessary. Besides in the Ob-Gyne section medical clearance affecting chest skiagraphy so that contemplated surgical processs can be done. In this survey, the occupants will give their appraisal on how PACS give impact to their work patterns in the exigency section in bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A Although the construct of image archiving and communications systems ( PACS ) was developed in Europe during the latter portion of the 1970s, no working system was completed at that clip. The first PACS executions took topographic point in the United States in the early 1980s, e.g. at Pennsylvania University, UCLA, and Kansas City University. Some more or less successful PACS developments besides took topographic point in Europe in the 1980s, peculiarly in the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Scandinavia, and Germany.4 PACS was expected to revolutionise and streamline the bringing of health care, helping communicating between radiotherapists and clinicians, bettering clinical decision-making, and easing more efficient patient attention processes. A In the USA 76 % of infirmaries reported utilizing PACS in 2008, A and in England and Scotland a national roll-out of PACS has been completed with the balance of UK infirmaries implementing it by 2012.A With the integrating of PACS into a figure of medical units outside radiology, the exigency section is one clinical country where PACS has the possible to significantly alter work patterns. The exigency section is a ‘complex ‘ and ‘data-rich environment’A where clinicians continuously multi-task and utilize multiple information beginnings in order to supply optimal attention for critically sick patients. Images are built-in to patient attention, A with high volumes of imaging surveies conducted daily.A Rapid entree to these to back up decision-making can be of important importance. With the potency for imaging consequences to impact dramatically on a patient ‘s attention, the ED provides a good scene to measure how PACS can impact on and take to innovat ion in clinical work practices.5 In 2010, a survey done by I.M. Hains et Al assessed the grounds of PACS impact on ICU clinicians through a systematic literature reappraisal of 11 ( 11 ) English linguistic communication publications in the USA and UK. The survey revealed a positive impact potency for PACS on clinician ICU work patterns and patient attention. The survey besides showed that PACS elicits positive impact potency on efficiency of work patterns, work associated with clinical determination devising and communicating patterns. PACS engineering offers wellness attention providers the possible for long-run cost nest eggs in radiology services by extinguishing the disbursal of movie processing and storage, among other things. Quick image handiness with PACS in SPMC will do it easier for radiotherapists to pull off patient test work flow and will assist surgical occupants in the early diagnosing and intervention for injury instances. You read "A Prospective Cross Sectional Study Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Political action committee in the infirmary connotes advancement by supplying quality images with good satisfaction than utilizing movie. III. RESEARCH Question What is the impact of PACS on surgical occupant ‘s direction of ER patients? IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Improves more timely patient attention and allowing clinicians to do determinations more rapidly. V. OBJECTIVES To measure the impact of image file awaying and communicating systems ( PACS ) as perceived by the surgical occupants at the exigency section. To find benefits, disadvantages and jobs of PACS as perceived by ER surgical occupants. VI. METHODOLOGY Study Design: Prospective Cross-sectional Survey Puting: The survey shall take topographic point in Southern Philippines Medical Center – Emergency Department, Bajada, Davao City, from May-June 2013 Independent variables: Age, sex, section Dependent variables: 1 ) continuance of ER rotary motion ; 2 ) impact of PACS on surgical occupant ‘s appraisal ; 3 ) surgical occupant ‘s perceptual experience of image handiness Participants Inclusion Standards: Surgical occupants at ER Department Exclusion Standards: Surgical Residents who refuse to give informed consent. VII. Sampling CRITERIA A convenient sampling of surgical occupants falling under inclusion standards with consent shall be included for research. IX. DATA GATHERING/METHOD: Data will be gathered utilizing a questionnaire adapted from The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital J.R PILLING.6 The questionnaire makes usage of a five-point Likert graduated table to measure surgical occupants ‘ positions on quality of images. There where besides three unfastened ended inquiries included to arouse responses on occupants perceived advantage, disadvantages and jobs with the usage of PACS. The questionnaire uses a combination of responses to statements and inquiries, graduated from 1 to 6, and some chances for free sentiment. Those who give informed consent will reply the questionnaire for about 5-7 proceedingss. All the information that will be used in this survey will be collected by the research worker, Dr. Leilani Ching. Surgical occupants will be interviewed at their most convenient clip. Ten. SAMPLE SIZE COMPUTATION The survey topics ( aim population ) of this research are all surgical occupants who use PACS in measuring trauma instances in the Emergency Department. Hence, no sample size calculation will be used. Eleven. DATA HANDLING ANALYSIS Data for this survey will be analyzed and gathered utilizing Epi-info version 7. The uninterrupted variables will be summarized utilizing mean and standard divergence while impact and perceptual experience will be summarized utilizing frequence and per centum. Twelve. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Impact- The step of both the tangibleA andA intangibleA effects and influences of the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems upon the surgical occupants utilizing it. Questions that ask about the utility and image quality of PACS ( Question no. 1-6 ) will be analysed to measure impact. 2. Perception- TheA processA by which surgical residentsA perceives and buttockss image and informations handiness when utilizing the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Questions that ask about participant ‘s point of views ( Question no. 7-10 ) will be analysed to measure perceptual experience. Thirteen. Ethical Consideration Prior to enlisting in the plan, the consent of the participant must be obtained. Ethical motives Review The advocates of the survey will procure an blessing from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of The Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to making the research. Informed Consent: Form A written consent is obtained from the possible participants who will be invited to reply the study questionnaire. Informed Consent: Signer The signature of the participant should look in the consent signifier. Informed Consent: Witness No informant will be required in order for the informed consent to be adhering. Informed Consent: Proxy Consent There will be no proxy consent aside from that of the participant will be allowed. Informed Consent: Procedure Prior to subscribing the consent signifier, the possible participants are informed about the survey principle and aims. Informed Consent: Timing and Venue The informed consent will be taken prior to the disposal of the questionnaire. It will be done in Southern Philippines Medical Center after office hours. Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and Procedures The participants will be informed of the survey aims and what is expected of them. They will besides be told that there are no hazards involved in the survey and that there will be no direct benefits to them as survey participants. Renumeration, Reimbursement and Other Benefits No renumeration or reimbursement will be given to the participants. Confidentiality The research workers will non unwrap the individualities of the participants at any clip. Merely the chief advocate of the survey has the personal information of the participants. Investigator ‘s Duty It is the research worker ‘s duty to guarantee the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research. Specimens Managing N/A Voluntariness The participants have the right to decline to take part in the survey. Alternate Options If participants decide non to take part in the survey, their determination will be respected and will non impact their employment or their regular public presentation rating. Privacy Participants will non be contacted by any agencies after they have answered the questionnaire. Information on Study Results The participants will hold entree to their informations. After the information has been analyzed, the overall consequences will besides be made known to the participants. Extent of Use of Study Data At present there are no intended programs to utilize the informations aside from the aims stated in the protocol. Authorship and Contributorship The chief research worker is the chief writer of the survey. Conflicts of Interest The chief research worker and co-author declares no struggle of involvement. Publication The research may be submitted for national and/or international publication. Funding The chief advocate of the survey is utilizing personal financess to carry on the survey. Duplicate Copy of the Informed Consent Form A duplicate transcript of the informed consent signifier will be provided to the participants of the survey. Extra transcripts can be made on petition. Questions and Concerns Sing the Survey The participants will be encouraged by the chief research worker to voice out concerns about their engagement in the survey. Contact Detailss The participants of the survey will be provided with the cellular telephone figure of the chief research worker. The chief research worker is besides available for inquiries, remarks and concerns about the survey. 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Professional Environments Identify The Values And Clauses From ACS Cod

Question: Discuss about the Identify The Values And Clauses From ACS Code Of Professional Conduct And Australian Legislation. Answer: Introduction This study aims to identify the values and clauses from ACS Code of Professional Conduct and Australian Legislation applicable to the case scenario along with demonstrating MacDonald Framework of ethical decision making Case study After joining as a Project Manager, Alex faced a problem that due to the concern of intellectual property theft, the developers are not provided with sufficient access to their systems that lead to huge job dissatisfaction among the employees. Values and Clauses from ACS Code of Professional Conduct Relevant to the Scenario . ACS Code of Professional Conduct can help Alex for upholding as well as advancing effectiveness, dignity and honor of becoming a perfect professional who would be able to secure the intellectual property of the organization (Bently and Sherman 2014). On the other hand, the ACS Code of Professional Conduct focuses specifically on the individual professional. The ACS Code of Professional Conduct is comprised of six major values such as The Primacy of the Public Interest, The Enhancement of Quality of Life, Honesty, Competence, Professional Development and Professionalism (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2015). Three values are specifically relevant to this scenario amongst these six values such as The Primacy of the Public Interest, Honesty and Competence (Leicester 2016). On the other hand, there are five specific clauses of ACS Code of Professional Conduct that would be the relevant one for the scenario, which would help the project manager for resolving this kind of conflicting situation. These are as follows: Respecting intellectual property of the company Endeavor to utility, continuity, security and integrity of ICT Make the employees aware of the relevant legislation as well as standards and act accordingly. Endeavour for preserving the privacy and confidentiality of the information of others (Gibson 2016). Differentiating between the personal and professional opinions and advice. Relevant Australian Legislation Applicable to the Scenario In this current scenario, the intellectual property theft is the major issue due to which a confusing situation has been occurred. Therefore, few Australian legislations of intellectual property equivalent to ACS code of Professional Conduct are applicable and relevant to this scenario (Bently and Sherman 2014). The Australian Copyright Law, Design Protection Law, Australian patent protection Law, Australian Trade Mark Protection are the most applicable legislation for this scenario (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2015). MacDonald Framework Figure 1: MacDonald Framework for Ethical Decision Making (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion This study is successful in conveying the relevant values and clauses of ACS Code of Conduct and establishing MacDonald Framework of ethical decision making that can resolve the complex scenario. Recommendations IP Protection The project manager should focus more on the prohibiting the issues of Intellectual Property threat by implementing ACS code of conduct Employee satisfaction Project manager should also focus on providing space with a nominal limit to the employees so that they can enjoy working in their workplaces. References Bently, L. and Sherman, B., 2014.Intellectual property law. Oxford University Press, USA. Corones, S.G., 2014.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited.] Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2015.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Gibson, J., 2016.Community resources: intellectual property, international trade and protection of traditional knowledge. Routledge. Leicester, N., 2016. Ethics in the IT Profession: Does a Code of Ethics have an Effect on Professional Behaviour?

Management of Venous Leg Ulcer

Question: Write an essay on "Management of Venous Leg Ulcer". Answer: Introduction A wound is an interference normal skin architecture and function. According to Bryant Nix (2015), acute wounds are expected to heal under normal stages of wound healing while chronic wounds are physiologically impaired. To ensure fast and proper healing of wounds, the wound should be clear of infections, well vascularised, lacks devitalized tissues and is kept moist. There are many factors that delay healing of wounds and include diabetes, some drugs, nutritional problem, infections and tissue necrosis (Demidova-Rice, Hamblin, Herman, 2012). The nurse should properly assess the patient with a wound in order to administer appropriate treatment. The patient, family, and the multidisciplinary team have a big role in the management of the patient wound. Discussion Appropriate assessment of the leg ulcer is the initial step towards the healing of the patient. Myers, 2012 claims that Proper assessment of the patient ulcer is paramount in determining the exact etiology for the ulcer and exclude arterial disease in which compression is dangerous. Visual assessment of the ulcer alone is regarded as unsatisfactory, instead, ulcer diagnosis and skilled assessment supported by guidelines are required (Myers, 2012). The assessment of the venous leg ulcer takes three main steps. Assessment of The Patient The records of the patient should be taken which includes the gender, age, and occupation. The medical history of the patient is determined and followed by physical examination (Di Clark, 2016). According to Starkey Brown (2015), physical examination involves measurement of the patient blood glucose levels, blood pressure, urinalysis, and weight and ankle brachial pressure. These measurements should be taken regardless of whether it is a recurrent or first leg ulcer and continued thereafter. Regmi (2012) argues that, the past medical history of the patient include: Allergies to dressing or medication, the degree of mobility as state of mobility can affect efficiency of calf muscle pump, smoking history as it delays wound healing and is a risk for arterial disease, social support as lack of social support and depression prolong the healing of the wound. medical history should also include a record of pain, as it can help to determine the ulcer pathology as symptoms that suggest the disease of the artery includes night pain which is lessened by hanging the leg downward from the bed, pain in the buttock and thigh while walking and reduced at rest, pain, when the limb affected is elevated, pain in the foot or limb when limb is resting (Regmi, 2012). The venous disease has symptoms of pain that include pain that improves on leg elevation but increases when the limb is dependent and night cramps that are relieved by walking. Thompson et al, 2014 asserts that obesity impairs venous return and reduces mobility while malnourishment can delay healing due to lack of vital nutrient; therefore it is important to determine patients nutritional status. The current medication of the patient should be noted as some medication delay healing including cytotoxic drugs and steroids. Assessment of The Leg The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) should be measured by Doppler ultrasound to detect arterial insufficiency as the arterial disease result when ABPI Assessment of The Ulcer The ulcer should be assessed for size as small ulcer takes less time to heal compared to a large ulcer. The ulcer depth should also be determined by describing the tissue that is present as it will determine how the wound is progressing and the choice of dressing. The exudates color and quantity should also be recorded as can determine any sign of clinical infection (Ylnen, Stolt, Leino-Kilpi, Suhonen, 2014). The location of the ulcer should be documented as can indicate the underlying cause. According to Ylnen, Stolt, Leino-Kilpi, Suhonen (2014), the documentation of the patient ulcer should also include the edge of the ulcer appearance as it can indicate a sign of infection .The edge that is epithelializing signifies that healing is in the process. Planning and Implementation The planning for nursing care for venous leg should be determined by the treatment goals which are gained from the overall assessment findings which include the family and client willingness to follow the care plan, the risk factor and patient concerns for wound heal ability, whether the wound is venous, arterial or mixed, peripheral circulation effectiveness and availability of supplies and resources (Regmi, 2012). Venous leg heals within three to four months when appropriate techniques are used in treatment. The implementation of care involves advising the patient on what to do so that the ulcer heals more quickly and nurse treating the leg ulcer and the associated symptoms of the leg ulcer. The following are the techniques in caring and treating the patient with venous legs ulcer Dressing and Cleaning The Ulcer The first step towards the treatment of the leg ulcer is removing any dead tissue and debris from the ulcer and then applying a dressing. The ulcer should be dressed in a nonsticky dress and should be changed on a weekly basis (ODonnel et al, 2015). Compression Therapy A compression bandage should be applied on the leg to squeeze in order to reduce swelling and enhance vein circulation of blood in the leg (Mosti, 2014). (Harding, Vanscheidt, Partsch, Caprini, Comerota (2014) explain that, the compression bandage facilitate blood to flow to the heart and faster healing of the wound. Different types of elastic stockings and bandage have been designed for the treatment of the leg ulcer. Systemic and Topical Therapy Antibiotics should be administered to a patient with leg ulcer to prevent systemic infections as a result of the ulcer. Pain killers should also be given to the patient to relieve pain. Most of the people usually develop scaly and itchy skin due to leg ulcer. According to Wang, Armstrong Armstrong (2013), Corticosteroid cream and emollient are suitable for driving away the itchiness of the scaly skin and inflammation but when corticosteroids drugs are taken orally they can delay healing of the wound. Skin Grafting Skin grafting involves shaving skin from one site of the body and transferring it another site. Lazarus et al (2015) explains that, skin grafts aid in healing the ulcer as it create new blood supply Varicose Vein Surgery Myers (2012) argues that the surgery of the varicose vein can also be used in the management and treatment of venous leg ulcer. Role of the Client and Family in Management of Venous Leg Ulcer The patient and the family have a significant role to play for the patient to recover from the venous leg condition. According to Myers (2012), the role of the patient and the family in management of the venous leg includes: Washing Hands The client and the family members should always wash hands before touching the wound. The hands should be washed using alcohol based techniques or soap and water. The washing preventing transmitting the microorganism to the wound and hence allow healing kept clean- the patient and the family have the obligation of ensuring that the dressing is keeping Dressing Clean The dressing is kept clean prevent entry of microorganism onto the wound. The dressing protects injury on the wound and keeps out germs. Taking Care The wound should be taken care of injury and trauma. The wound heals more rapidly when there is no trauma or further injuries. Balanced Diet The family should provide the patient with a balanced diet as the healing of the wound requires nutrients. The body of a patient demands more nutrients than a healthy person for it to heal the wound. Quit Smoking The patient should quit smoking as smoking delays the healing of the wound. The nurse has a role in advising the patient on the need to quit smoking for wound to heal more quickly Exercise Exercise has been shown to increase the rate of healing of a wound as calf muscle pump function is increased through exercise Social Support The family has the role of providing social support to the patient with a venous leg to improve the healing process. Depression due to lack of social support has been shown to delay the healing process. Evaluation The evaluation of the leg is of great importance to determine if the ulcer is healing. Active management process should be put into place. The evaluation should be carried out at regular basis to monitor the progress of the ulcer. The evaluation is to determine whether the ulcer is healing, the presence of new comorbidities, need for ulcer biopsy, confirmation of etiology of the ulcer and compliance of the patient to treatment (Lazarus et al , 2014). The nurse should take an appropriate action after evaluation. Factors That May Impact Proposed Nursing Care and Therapeutic Wound Management. Patient Preference The nurse has the role in informing the patient of the nursing care and therapy that he/she is to administer to him. The nurse should present all the options for the patient and the patient chooses the treatment that suits him/her best (Regmi, 2012). The Patient choice of treatment will determine the nursing care and the therapy that the nurse provides to the patient. Availability of Resources and Cost The nurse may change the proposed nursing care and therapeutic wound management if the hospital does not have enough resources for treatment (Regmi, 2012).The hospital may lack the equipment necessary to undertake the treatment of the patient and hence the nurse will be forced to take another option of treatment. The financial status of the patient can also influence the choice of therapy and nursing care that the nurse would use in wound management. Patient Medical History The patient medical history will influence the choice of treatment that the nurse provides to the patient (Di Clark, 2016). The patient who is allergic to dressing and some drugs will make the nurse administer other options of treatment. The nurse may decide to offer nutrition advice to the patient who is malnourished and give him/her nutrition supplement. The patients who have a history of smoking will be advised to stop smoking to enhance the healing of the wound. The Type of Wound The assessment result will be able to determine the type of wound that the patient is having which will determine the therapy and nursing care that he/she will be provided by the nurse (Augustin et al, 2015).The different types of wounds are venous, arterial or mixed, each type requires a specific care and management. Patient Current Medication The patient current medication can influence the nurse choice of medication. According to Wang, Armstrong Armstrong (2013), the anti-inflammatory drugs like steroids and the cytotoxic drugs can cause delayed healing of wounds. The nurse should, therefore, find alternative treatment for inflammation other than using steroids if the patient has a wound. The role of Multidisciplinary Team in Improving the Care of the Patient with Venous Leg Ulcer. The multidisciplinary team work together to treat and assess the patient so that the patient can reap enough benefits from the treatment (Kim, Evans,Steinberg, Pollard, Attinger, 2013). The multidisciplinary team facilitate referral of the patient to a different specialist and hence promotes positive outcomes. According to Quinlivan, Jones, Causby Brown (2014), the multidisciplinary team in wound management includes: Client- the client is part of the multidisciplinary team in the management of venous leg ulcer. The patient should ensure that he adheres to the therapy and embrace practices that promote the healing of would like quitting smoking, exercise, and intake of a balanced diet. The multidisciplinary team should hear the patient wishes and guide him/her accordingly. Physician- The physician has a role in the management of the patient by monitoring his/ her health status Nurse- the nurse has a role in applying compression bandage and to optimize the wound care to the patient Enterostomal Therapist Nurse -he/she has the role of assessing the patient, plan for treatment and implementing the treatment plan. Dietician-The dietician will help reduce the weight of the patient if they are obese and optimize the nutritional intake to the malnourished. Physiotherapists-To monitors the lower leg exercises and teach the patient on how to exercise his/her feet. Infection Disease Specialist-has the role of assessing and monitoring the identified disease infection. Compression Stocking Specialist- He/she teaches the client on how he/she is supposed to apply the stockings. He/she chooses the permanent stocking fittings for the patient once healing has occurred. Conclusion The management of the wound should first involve assessment of the patient. The proper assessment of the patient with venous leg ulcer involves three main procedures which include patient assessment, leg assessment, and ulcer assessment. The appropriate assessment gives the guideline to the nurse on the appropriate management to administer to the patient. The patient, family members, and the multidisciplinary team should coordinate to fasten the healing of the venous leg ulcer. References Augustin, M., Blome, C., Goepel, L., Protz, K., Baade, K., Heyer, K., ... Herberger, K. (2015). Patient-reported outcomes as diagnostic tools and clues in chronic wounds: Considerations for practice.Wound Medicine,8, 6-14. Bryant, R., Nix, D. (2015).Acute and chronic wounds. Elsevier Health Sciences. Demidova-Rice, T. N., Hamblin, M. R., Herman, I. M. (2012). Acute and impaired wound healing: pathophysiology and current methods for drug delivery, part 1: normal and chronic wounds: biology, causes, and approaches to care.Advances in skin wound care,25(7), 304 Di, W. Clark, R. (2016). Comparison of guidelines for venous leg ulcer diagnosis and management. Harding, K., Vanscheidt, W., Partsch, H., Caprini, J., Comerota, A. (2014). Adaptive compression therapy for venous leg ulcers: a clinically effective, patient-centred approach.International Wound Journal,13(3), 317-325. Kim, P. J., Evans, K. K., Steinberg, J. S., Pollard, M. E., Attinger, C. E. (2013). Critical elements to building an effective wound care center.Journal of vascular surgery,57(6), 1703-1709. Lazarus, G., Valle, M. F., Malas, M., Qazi, U., Maruthur, N. M., Doggett, D., ... Zenilman, J. (2014). Chronic venous leg ulcer treatment: future research needs.Wound repair and regeneration,22(1), 34-42. Myers, B. (2012).Wound management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Mosti, G. (2014). Compression in leg ulcer treatment: inelastic compression.Phlebology: The Journal Of Venous Disease,29(1 Suppl), 146-152. ODonnell, T. F., Passman, M. A., Marston, W. A., Ennis, W. J., Dalsing, M., Kistner, R. L., ... Stoughton, J. (2014). Management of venous leg ulcers: Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum.Journal of Vascular Surgery,60(2), 3S-59S. Quinlivan, E., Jones, S., Causby, R., Brown, D. (2014). Reduction of amputation rates in multidisciplinary foot clinics-a systematic review.Wound Practice Research: Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association,22(3), 155. Regmi, S. (2012). Best practice in the management of venous leg ulcers.Nursing Standard,26(32), 56-66. Starkey, C., Brown, S. D. (2015).Examination of orthopedic athletic injuries. FA Davis.s Thompson, K. L., Leu, M. G., Drummond, K. L., Popalisky, J., Spencer, S. M., Lenssen, P. M. (2014). Nutrition Interventions to Optimize Pediatric Wound Healing An Evidence-Based Clinical Pathway.Nutrition in Clinical Practice,29(4), 473-482. Wang, A. S., Armstrong, E. J., Armstrong, A. W. (2013). Corticosteroids and wound healing: clinical considerations in the perioperative period.The American Journal of Surgery,206(3), 410-417.

Interesting Definition Essay Sample - Free Online Writing

Interesting Definition Essay Sample - Free Online WritingYou can learn to write an interesting definition essay sample online for free. Most people would probably agree that it is always a good idea to have some skills. There are people who do not have the skills they need and will need assistance from other people. If you take care of your self, you can find resources online for writing an interesting definition essay sample.The first thing you need to decide is how you want to approach the topic of writing an interesting definition essay. You can do the same thing you did for your other papers. This time, you can use your skills to help you out. You can write on your own, but make sure you take enough notes so that you can at least give yourself a rough idea on what you are going to talk about.After you've decided on what you are going to write, the next step is to find different places to learn how to write an interesting definition essay. If you like to use the internet, you can look into learning how to use an internet forum. They have discussion forums in which you can start your discussion. When you start to feel comfortable with the topics you want to talk about, you can even put up your own signature in the forum and start a conversation with others.Writing an interesting definition essay sample online is a good way to get around. It gives you the opportunity to learn from other people. It is the same as writing on paper; you will have to take note of what they are saying, and you can tell them your ideas by telling them how you think they can help you. You can also start learning new ideas through writing.You should also think about using useful words that you are familiar with. If you are familiar with the words you are going to use, you can just use those words as you see fit. Don'tbe too concerned about being correct; you can easily make up a new word or two in order to make the words more interesting.Other people have already written an interestin g definition essay sample, so you don't have to worry about getting it wrong. Remember that you can always learn more if you have people to teach you. It is better to be lazy than to give up after the first few tries.By writing an interesting definition essay sample for free, you will get used to the process. It is a good idea to practice writing something from time to time so that you can improve.

Worker Bees Essays - Beekeeping, Bees, Insect Reproduction

Worker Bees THE BEE ESSAY The worker bees live a very short life. Their average life span is about six weeks. The worker bees are the sterile females of the bee population. They feed honey and pollen to the queen of the hive. The worker bees are called nurse bees when they enter into this stage. They produce a jelly called royal jelly which is high in protein. They give this royal jelly to the queen bee and she feeds it to her young ones. Then worker bees start to produce a honeycomb from the wax that they secrete. During this stage they can also fan their wings to circulate fresh air. The house bee is a young worker be about 2 weeks old bee who only works in the hive. The queen bee is the head honcho of the whole hive. The queen really doesn't do much. She sits in the hive and has the babies. The queen secretes a substance called queen factor which keeps all of the other female bees from becoming sexually mature. The queen is fed royal jelly to further her development as she becomes a grown bee. The queen's number one priority is to reproduce. Once she successfully does that, her job is pretty much done with. The queen is very special because she can do all of her mating in the air. The queen only mates once in her life, but in that one mating session she can produce as many as a million eggs a year. When the queen feels that the hive is getting crowded, she ventures off into the wilderness with a few of her worker bees to search for a new beginning (a new hive). Then, when the queen dies another queen will take her place and start the whole thing all over again. The drones are also placed on this earth for one main reason. That reason is to satisfy the queen. Drones are unfertilized eggs whose jobs consist of supplying the queen bee with the sperm when she is ready. Then the drones are either eaten by the queen or stung by the workers and evicted from their home. They live a very tragic life. The drone's structure is also kind of odd because the drone does not possess a stinger. So, they cannot really protect themselves when they need to. The queen bee releases a substance called queen factor which is a pheromone. When she releases this substance, the other bee's behavior is affected. They act as if they were under the influence. They really are because the queen factor acts as a drug in that it affects the way that their body functions. The queen also causes the bees to march in a line as if they were in a marching band. What they are doing is following the queen factor. Bees communicate by special dances that they perform for special occasions. This may seem kind of odd, but this is actually true. German biologist Karl von Frisch first discovered these special dances after 25 years of hard research. The bees do the dance according to their food source and it's position. They also involve the sun in their communicative dances. The scout would go out and find some food and then return and do a dance like motion. He would circle once to the left and then once to the right, and that is where we got the name of the round dance. Another dance was also discovered. This dance was called the waggle dance. The bee would go in a straight forward motion and waggle their little abdomens. Later, we discovered that the round dance was a dance done for food sources closest to the hive, but the waggle dance was performed for food sources closest to the sun.. They do these dances to communicate to the other bees and tell them if the food source is either close to the hive or closer to the sun. Science Essays

4 Simple Steps On What To Do When Youre Making Mistakes at Work

4 Simple Steps On What To Do When Youre Making Mistakes at Work We all make mistakes. Chances are, you’ll not be able to get through your career without making at least one- major or minor. The hardest part is first, admitting that you’ve erred, and then knowing what to do about it. Here are four steps to getting yourself back on track if you’re making mistakes at work. 1. Accept responsibility for your mistakesThere’s no getting around this one. You goofed. And everyone is going to know. There’s no point in trying to hide it, especially if other people will be affected by your gaffe. The sooner you take the blame and let people know what’s going on, the sooner the problem can be rectified. Pull the Band-Aid off and get right down to damage control.It may seem like a better idea to quietly fix it yourself, but the odds are you’ll miss something. It could be a more pervasive mess-up than you thought, or you could mess something else up in the process of trying to fix it. Be honest. Own it. And apolo gize. Then put yourself out there in the trenches until you set things right. People will respect you for your honorable behavior.2. Show you’re in control of the problemWhen disclosing the mistakes you’re making at work, have a few suggestions as to how you plan to fix the problem. Offer the best solution first to make the situation seem less dire. Show you’re in control. You’ve already learned from your mistake, and you’re already working to fix things. It doesn’t mean you’re not going to get yelled at, but it might mean your boss will take note of your character throughout the situation. Handle this well, and minimize the damage, and you might maximize your boss’s good opinion.3. Turn your mistakes into a learning experienceSeriously, everybody screws up every now and then. Don’t beat yourself up too hard. For one thing, it’s a waste of time. For another, if you’re too busy gnashing your teeth, you wonâ €™t have time to learn from your mistake. So turn this failure into a life lesson, and use it to help make you better at your job. Use it to help you grow. Debrief yourself, alter your course to avoid similar fudge-ups in the future, and then move forward.4.  Earn Your Boss’ Trust BackEven if you did all of the above, you’ll still have to earn back trust. Start small- get all your smaller projects off your desk, with efficiency and precision. Log these minor victories in quick succession. Then move on to bigger ones. Go the extra mile as often as you can. Little by little, your boss will be so charmed that he’ll forget what happened last month- he’ll be too busy reveling in the quality of your work this month.You’re going to mess up eventually. What matters isn’t when or how, but how you choose to handle yourself in such situations. When in doubt, choose honesty, integrity, and good hard work to pull things back together.

Incentives, training, and education in promoting innovation in an Essay

Incentives, training, and education in promoting innovation in an organization - Essay Example One prime example of this is the link of incentives with innovation. The theory of extrinsic motivation teaches that an individual can be motivated to improve their efficiency and productivity at a task if they are rewarded with extrinsic rewards such as bonuses and promotions. However, as research proves, this does not apply in every case. When the task requires innovation and creativity, performance incentives can dampen the level of creativity (Ariely, 2010). This is because the employee starts to focus on the reward and is not able to give the task the due attention. Such incentives are only successful in boosting performance when the task is mechanical and does not require flexible and creative thinking. However, the innovative process requires creativity and flexibility. Thus, incentives do not play a significant role in the process of innovation. Vocational training, however, plays a large role in the process of innovation. A study conducted in 2007 gathered data from several firms, which provided training to their employees and had measurable performance. A thorough analysis of the correlation between these two factors revealed that innovation increases amongst employees who have received vocational training. The reason for this may be that the training gives the employee a firmer grasp on the nature of their work, and a deeper understanding about what their work means (Gallie and Legros, 2007). Thus, the individual is not confined to any boundaries in terms of knowledge or experience, and is thus able to employee creativity while working. This leads to training having a significant role in innovation. Similarly, education also proves to increase innovation levels in an organization significantly. Nelson and Phelps (1966) researched this correlation thoroughly, with the reasoning that â€Å"education enhances the ability to receive, decode, and understand information†. They studied the role of education for employees involved in the process of in novation and were able to prove that there is indeed a positive correlation between an employee having a high school or university education, and increases in the level of productivity and innovation. This correlation is empirically verifiable and visible in workplaces worldwide (Nelson & Phelps, 1966). Another important force that drives the innovative process, through its creation, management, and sustenance, is leadership. A recent study found organizational climate to act as an intervening variable between leadership behavior and innovation. They went on to claim that leadership has an important role to play in the establishment of an innovative climate in the work environment. The researchers found this correlation to be pertinent on both, work-unit level and organizational level. Research goes on to outline several leadership behaviors that can either stifle or encourage productivity. An example of a behavior that stifles innovation is to concentrate only on short-term goals a nd visible results. This can increase the pressure on the employees, which acts as a barrier for the innovative thinking process. In contrast, to encourage innovative thinking, the leader can arrange the work environment in a manner that allows for flexible thinking processes and creativity. This includes forming work teams and allowing the employees to interact with each other and discuss their ideas freely. For example, one can consider a

Opportunities and challenges by multi-national companies in setting an Essay

Opportunities and challenges by multi-national companies in setting an appropriate transfer price - Essay Example One of such implications that come with inappropriate transfer pricing, as mentioned above, is the possibility of the transfer-in subsidiary making a loss or just no profit at all on the sale of the products received from the parent subsidiary. If for example the parent subsidiary manufactures a certain product at a cost of say $700 and transfers it to the distributer in another country at a cost $800, it shall have made a positive contribution of $100. Depending on the market price, the distributer may incur another variable cost of $100 and sell the product at $1000. In this case, the manufacturer has made a profit while the distributer has not. Therefore, one side will be motivated while the other will be demoralised. Nonetheless, both sides will be required to pay tax. There is, therefore, a need to set up an appropriate transfer price that does not favor one side of an enterprise. The fact that these subsidiaries exist in different locations with different tax jurisdiction creates a complex puzzle for the MNE. It has always been a challenging task to come up with a plausible method of setting up the most appropriate transfer pricing that accommodates all these contrasting tax jurisdictions. In most host nations, when a subsidiary transfers goods to another, the local governments usually view the buy-in subsidiary as a target customer from whom to siphon revenues. This perception has led to mandatory taxation on the sales of such goods even if no considerable profit has been realised. It should be noted that the subsidiary from which the goods were transferred had also been taxed the authority under which it operates. Therefore, these two corporate have been taxed for the very product. This is called double-taxation. Double taxation is a liability to any MNE and may deter the realisation of net profit (ACCA, 2009). The principle of Arm’s Length had been proposed to resolve

Application of Transition Metals

Application of Transition Metals The term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: In the past it referred to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic table. All elements in the d-block are metals (In actuality, the f-block is also included in the form of the lanthanide and actinide series). It also states that a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. Group 12 elements are not transition metals in this definition. Introduction to application of transition metals: The use of transition metals in the synthesis was taken up slowly by organic chemists. This is at first surprising because the industrial use of transition metals has a much long history hydroformylation using cobalt began in the 1930s. The Mond process using nickel tetra carbonyl was developed in the 19 century. Industry was willing to accept and uses processes that it could not understand black box reactions as long as they were profitable. Academics were handicapped by the desire to understand the chemistry. This was impossible until the ideas about chemical bonding and the necessary instrumentation matured in the years in the Second World War. Even with in this place, the impact of transition metals on the organic synthesis came late possibly because of the many fantastic main group reagents appeared. Application of Transition Metals: The application of transition metals is as follows: 1. Transition metals are applied in the organic reactions. Transition metals complex under goes a series of reactions that are generally unlike those main group compounds. The most fundamental is the simple coordination and dissociation of ligands. Dissociation may also be achieved by destruction of a ligand. This is often done by the oxidation of co and co2 using an amide oxide. 2. Transition metals are applied in the synthesis of metal hydride. M=C=O + OH- ====> M-H + CO2 Here metal carbonyl group reacts with hydroxide to give metal hydride and carbon dioxide. Hydrides such as, sodium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL) and super hydride, are commonly used as reducing agents in chemical synthesis. The hydride adds to an electrophilic center, typically unsaturated carbon. Hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride are used as strong bases in organic synthesis. The hydride reacts with the weak Bronsted acid releasing H2. Hydrides such as calcium hydride are used as desiccants, i.e. drying agents, to remove trace water from organic solvents. The hydride reacts with water forming hydrogen and hydroxide salt. The dry solvent can then be distilled or vac transferred from the solvent pot. Hydrides are of important in storage battery technologies such as Nickel-metal hydride battery. Various metal hydrides have been examined for use as a means of hydrogen storage for fuel cell-powered electric cars and other purposed aspects of a hydrogen economy. Hydride intermediates are key to understanding a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic cycles as well as enzymatic activity. Hydroformylation catalysts and hydrogenase both involve hydride intermediates. The energy carrier NADH reacts as a hydride donor or hydride equivalent. 3. Transition metal used in the complexes in fluorescence cell imaging. Transition metal complexes have often been proposed as useful fluorophores for cell imaging due to their attractive photo physical attributes, but until very recently their actual applications have been scarce and largely limited to ruthenium complexes in DNA and oxygen sensing. 4. Transition metal used as Catalysts. Some transition metals are good catalysts. For example: most automobiles have an emissions-control device called a catalytic converter. This device contains a screen of platinum or palladium along with rhodium, a metal. The presence of the transition metals, along with the heat of combustion generated by an automobile engine causes an exhaust coming from an internal combustion engine to be broken down from partially burned hydrocarbon compounds into less harmful compounds such as water vapour and carbon dioxide. Catalytic applications of transition metals in organic synthesis:- OXIDATION REACTIONS: The epoxidation, dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation reactions of alkenes, especially their asymmetric variants, continue to attract considerable attention. The basic principles were covered in the previous review. The use of fluorous solvents has now been demonstrated formany transition metal catalysed reactions. One advantage that they offer for catalyticepoxidation is the fact that molecularoxygen has a high solubility in fluorous solvents. The combination of O2 with pivalaldehyde and manganese catalysts hasbeen shown to be effective for epoxidation of alkenes in aracemic and enantioselective sense. The fluorous soluble ligand afforded a manganese complex which was insoluble incommon organic solvents, but soluble in the fluorous phase.Indene was converted into indene oxide with high enantioselectivity,although other substrates afforded low selectivity The fluorous phase, containing the active catalyst,could be recycled. Manganese salen complexes have also now been successfullyimmobilised within polymer supports, and still provide high Whilst the enantiomerically pure manganese salen complexes are still often the most enantio selective available for epoxidation of unfunctionalised alkenes, alternative systems are often reported. For example, End and Pfaltz have used rutheniumbis (oxazoline) complexes to provide up to 69% ee in the epoxidation of stilbene. The use of methyltrioxorhenium as a catalyst for epoxidationcontinues to attract attention. Herrmann and co-workershave shown that a combination of methyltrioxorhenium withpyrazole affords a highly efficient catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes. Styrene was converted cleanly into styrene oxide with this catalytic combination. Reduction reactions The reduction of various functional groups can often be achieved using transition metal catalysts and a suitable reducing agent: often molecular hydrogen, silanes, boranes orhydrides. Amongst all of the possibilities, metal-catalysed hydrogenation has been the most widely studied, especially asan asymmetric process.Some recently reported examples of rhodium-catalyse dasymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes include the conversion ofthe enamide into the derivatised amino alcohols and the regioselective hydrogenation of dienyl acetate into the allyl acetate both using the Me-DuPhos ligand .Reports of new ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes continue to appear, often providing highly selective examples.Ruthenium catalysed hydrogenation of alkenes is also popular,and an interesting example has been provided by Bruneau,Dixneuf and co-workers. The achiral substrate is hydrogenatedwith an enantiomerically pure ruthenium complex into compound , which behaves as propionic acid attachedt o a chiral auxiliary. The achiral auxiliary in the substrate is converted into an enantiomerically enriched one prior to a subsequent auxiliary controlled functionalisation. Lewis acid catalysed reactions:- Lewis acids are able to catalyse a wide range of reactions. Theaddition of cyanide to aldehydes is one such reaction and hasbeen studied by many groups. Recently, North, Belokon andco-workers have used a titanium (salen) complex to catalyse the addition of trimethylsilylcyanide to benzaldehyde withlow catalyst loadings. Less work has been reported on theenantioselective addition of cyanide to imines, although it providesa useful route to ÃŽÂ ±-amino acids (Strecker synthesis). However, there have been several reports of the enantio selective variant of this reaction by aluminium catalysts,non-metallic catalysts, and with the zirconium catalysts, reported here. The imine is converted into the ÃŽÂ ±-aminonitrile with good yield and enantio selectivity Scandium triflate is a good catalyst for the allylation of aldehydes with allylsilanes and stannanes. Aggarwal and Vennallhave detailed the allylation of aldehydes followed by in situ acylation.36 Benzaldehyde allylsilane and acetic anhydride undergo coupling to provide the homoallylic acetate withscandium triflate as the catalyst Kobayashi and co-workers have shown that a three component system comprising of benzaldehyde an amine,such as aniline and allylstannane affo rds the homoallylicamine The reaction works more quickly in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate SDS, which provides amicellar system .The allylation of isolated imines with enantiomerically pure palladium complexes has been achieved with up to 82%enantiomeric excess. Catalytic coupling reactions:- The formation of C-C bonds, as well as C-X bonds can becatalysed by many transition metals, although palladium complexesseem to have a greater scope than other metals. The useof catalytic coupling reactions to provide biaryls has recently been reviewed. 5. REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS: The fact that the transition elements are all metals means that they are lustrous or shiny in appearance, and malleable, meaning that they can be molded into different shapes without breaking. They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to form positive ions by losing electrons. Generally speaking, metals are hard, though a few of the transition metals-as well as members of other metal families-are so soft they can be cut with a knife. Like almost all metals, they tend to have fairly high melting points, and extremely high boiling points. Many of the transition metals, particularly those on periods 4, 5, and 6, form useful alloys-mixtures containing more than one metal-with one another, and with other elements. Because of their differences in electron configuration, however, they do not always combine in the same ways, even within an element. Iron, for instance, sometimes releases two electrons in chemical bonding, and at other times three. ABUNDANCE OF THE TRANSITION METALS: Iron is the fourth most abundant element on Earth, accounting for 4.71% of the elemental mass in the planets crust. Titanium ranks 10th, with 0.58%, and manganese 13th, with 0.09%. Several other transition metals are comparatively abundant: even gold is much more abundant than many other elements on the periodic table. However, given the fact that only 18 elements account for 99.51% of Earths crust, the percentages for elements outside of the top 18 tend to very small. In the human body, iron is the 12th most abundant element, constituting 0.004% of the bodys mass. Zinc follows it, at 13th place, accounting for 0.003%. Again, these percentages may not seem particularly high, but in view of the fact that three elements-oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen-account for 93% of human elemental body mass, there is not much room for the other 10 most common elements in the body. Transition metals such as copper are present in trace quantities within the body as well. (industrial effulent) DIVIDING THE TRANSITION METALS INTO GROUPS. There is no easy way to group the transition metals, though certain of these elements are traditionally categorized together. These do not constitute families as such, but they do provide useful ways to break down the otherwise rather daunting 40-element lineup of the transition metals. In two cases, there is at least a relation between group number on the periodic table and the categories loosely assigned to a collection of transition metals. Thus the coinage metals-copper, silver, and gold-all occupy Group 9 on the periodic table. These have traditionally been associated with one another because their resistance to oxidation, combined with their malleability and beauty, has made them useful materials for fashioning coins. Likewise the members of the zinc group-zinc, cadmium, and mercury-occupy Group 10 on the periodic table. These, too, have often been associated as a miniature unit due to common properties. Members of the platinum group-platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium-occupy a rectangle on the table, corresponding to periods 5 and 6, and groups 6 through 8. What actually makes them a group, however, is the fact that they tend to appear together in nature. Iron, nickel, and cobalt, found alongside one another on Period 4, may be grouped together because they are all magnetic to some degree or another. This is far from the only notable characteristic about such metals, but provides a convenient means of further dividing the transition metals into smaller sections. To the left of iron on the periodic table is a rectangle corresponding to periods 4 through 6, groups 4 through 7. These 11 elements-titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and rhenium-are referred to here as alloy metals. This is not a traditional designation, but it is nonetheless useful for describing these metals, most of which form important alloys with iron and other elements. One element was left out of the rectangle described in the preceding paragraph. This is technetium, which apparently does not occur in nature. It is lumped in with a final category, rare and artificial elements. It should be stressed that there is nothing hard and fast about these categories. The alloy metals are not the only ones that form alloys; nickel is used in coins, though it is not called a coinage metal; and platinum could be listed with gold and silver as precious metals. Nonetheless, the categories used here seem to provide the most workable means of approaching the many transition metals. GOLD. Gold almost needs no introduction: virtually everyone knows of its value, and history is full of stories about people who killed or died for this precious metal. Part of its value springs from its rarity in comparison to, say iron: gold is present on Earths crust at a level of about 5 parts per billion (ppb). Yet as noted earlier, it is more abundant than some metals. Furthermore, due to the fact that it is highly unreactive (reactivity refers to the tendency for bonds between atoms or molecules to be made or broken in such a way that materials are transformed), it tends to be easily separated from other elements. This helps to explain the fact that gold may well have been the first element ever discovered. No ancient metallurgist needed a laboratory in which to separate gold; indeed, because it so often keeps to itself, it is called a noble metal-meaning, in this context, set apart. Another characteristic of gold that made it valuable was its great malleability. In fact, gold is the most malleable of all metals: A single troy ounce (31.1 g) can be hammered into a sheet just 0.00025 in (0.00064 cm) thick, covering 68 ft  2  (6.3 m  2  ). Gold is one of the few metals that is not silver, gray, or white, and its beautifully distinctive color caught the eyes of metalsmiths and royalty from the beginning of civilization. Records from India dating back to 5000  B.C.  suggest a familiarity with gold, and jewelry found in Egyptian tombs indicates the use of sophisticated techniques among the goldsmiths of Egypt as early as 2600  B.C.  Likewise the Bible mentions gold in several passages. The Romans called it  aurum  (shining dawn), which explains its chemical symbol, Au. Gold is as popular as ever for jewelry and other decorative objects, of course, but for the most part, it is too soft to have many other commercial purposes. One of the few applications for gold, a good conductor of electricity, is in some electronic components. Also, the radioactive gold-198 isotope is sometimes implanted in tissues as a means of treating forms of cancer. SILVER. Like gold, silver has been a part of human life from earliest history. Usually it is considered less valuable, though some societies have actually placed a higher value on silver because it is harder and more durable than gold. In the seventh century  B.C.  , the Lydian civilization of Asia Minor (now Turkey) created the first coins using silver, and in the sixth century  B.C.  , the Chinese began making silver coins. Succeeding dynasties in China continued to mint these coins, round with square holes in them, until the early twentieth century. The Romans called silver  argentum,  and therefore today its chemical symbol is Ag. Its uses are much more varied than those of gold, both because of its durability and the fact that it is less expensive. Alloyed with copper, which adds strength to it, it makes sterling silver, used in coins, silverware, and jewelry. Silver nitrate compounds are used in silver plating, applied in mirrors and tableware. (Most mirrors today, however, use aluminum.) A large portion of the worlds silver supply is used by photographers for developing pictures. In addition, because it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, silver has applications in the electronics industry; however, its expense has led many manufacturers to use copper or aluminum instead. Silver is also present, along with zinc and cadmium, in cadmium batteries. Like gold, though to a much lesser extent, it is still an important jewelry-making component. COPPER. Most people think of pennies as containing copper, but in fact the penny is the only American coin that contains no copper alloys. Because the amount of copper necessary to make a penny today costs more than $0.01, a penny is actually made of zinc with a thin copper coating. Yet copper has long been a commonly used coinage metal, and long before that, humans used it for other purposes. Seven thousand years ago, the peoples of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys, in what is now Iraq, were mining and using copper, and later civilizations combined copper with zinc to make bronze. Indeed, the history of prehistoric and ancient humans technological development is often divided according to the tools they made, the latter two of which came from transition metals: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age (c. 3300-1200  B.C.  ), and the Iron Age. Copper is also like its two close relatives in that it resists corrosion, and this makes it ideal for plumbing. Its use in making coins resulted from its anti-corrosive qualities, combined with its beauty: like gold, copper has a distinctive color. This aesthetic quality led to the use of copper in decorative applications as well: many old buildings used copper roofs, and the Statue of Liberty is covered in 300 thick copper plates. Why, then, is the famous statue not copper-colored? Because copper does eventually corrode when exposed to air for long periods of time. Over time, it develops a thin layer of black copper oxide, and as the years pass, carbon dioxide in the air leads to the formation of copper carbonate, which imparts a greenish color. The human body is about 0.0004% copper, though as noted, larger quantities of copper can be toxic. Copper is found in foods such as shell-fish, nuts, raisins, and dried beans. Whereas human blood has hemoglobin, a molecule with an iron atom at the center, the blood of lobsters and other large crustaceans contains hemocyanin, in which copper performs a similar function. ZINC. Together with copper, zinc appeared in another alloy that, like bronze, helped define the ancient world: brass. (The latter is mentioned in the Bible, for instance in the Book of Daniel,when King Nebuchadnezzar dreams of a statue containing brass and other substances, symbolizing various empires.) Used at least from the first millennium  B.C.  onward, brass appeared in coins and ornaments throughout Asia Minor. Though it is said that the Chinese purified zinc in about  A.D.  1000, the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (1493-1541) is usually credited with first describing zinc as a metal. Bluish-white, with a lustrous sheen, zinc is found primarily in the ore sulfide sphalerite. The largest natural deposits of zinc are in Australia and the United States, and after mining, the metal is subjected to a purification and reduction process involving carbon. Zinc is used in galvanized steel, developed in the eighteenth century by Italian physicist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798). CADMIUM. In 1817, German chemist Friedrich Strohmeyer (1776-1835) was working as an inspector of pharmacies for the German state of Hanover. While making his rounds, he discovered that one pharmacy had a sample of zinc carbonate labeled as zinc oxide, and while inspecting the chemical in his laboratory, he discovered something unusual. If indeed it were zinc carbonate, it should turn into zinc oxide when heated, and since both compounds were white, there should be no difference in color. Instead, the mysterious compound turned a yellowish-orange. Strohmeyer continued to analyze the sample, and eventually realized that he had discovered a new element, which he named after the old Greek term for zinc carbonate,  kadmeia.  Indeed, cadmium typically appears in nature along with zinc or zinc compounds. Silvery white and lustrous or shiny, cadmium is soft enough to be cut with a knife, but chemically it behaves much like zinc: hence the idea of a zinc group. MERCURY. One of only two elements-along with bromine-that appears in liquid form at room temperature, mercury is both toxic and highly useful. The Romans called it  hydragyrum  (liquid silver), from whence comes its chemical symbol, Hg. Today, however, it is known by the name of the Romans god Mercury, the nimble and speedy messenger of the gods. Mercury comes primarily from a red ore called cinnabar, and since it often appears in shiny globules that form outcroppings from the cinnabar, it was relatively easy to discover. Several things are distinctive about mercury, including its bright silvery color. But nothing distinguishes it as much as its physical properties-not only its liquidity, but the fact that it rolls rapidly, like the fleet-footed god after which it is named. Its surface tension (the quality that causes it to bead) is six times greater than that of water, and for this reason, mercury never wets the surfaces with which it comes in contact. Mercury, of course, is widely used in thermometers, an application for which it is extremely well-suited. In particular, it expands at a uniform rate when heated, and thus a mercury thermometer (unlike earlier instruments, which used water, wine, or alcohol) can be easily calibrated. (Note that due to the toxicity of the element, mercury thermometers in schools are being replaced by other types of thermometers.) At temperatures close to absolute zero, mercury loses its resistance to the flow of electric current, and therefore it presents a promising area of research with regard to superconductivity. IRON. In its purest form, iron is relatively soft and slightly magnetic, but when hardened, it becomes much more so. As with several of the elements discovered long ago, iron has a chemical symbol (Fe) reflecting an ancient name, the Latin  ferrum.  But long before the Romans ancestors arrived in Italy, the Hittites of Asia Minor were purifying iron ore by heating it with charcoal over a hot flame. The ways in which iron is used are almost too obvious (and too numerous) to mention. If iron and steel suddenly ceased to exist, there could be no skyscrapers, no wide-span bridges, no ocean liners or trains or heavy machinery or automobile frames. Furthermore, alloys of steel with other transition metals, such as tungsten and niobium, possess exceptionally great strength, and find application in everything from hand tools to nuclear reactors. Then, of course, there are magnets and electromagnets, which can only be made of iron and/or one of the other magnetic elements, cobalt and nickel. In the human body, iron is a key part of hemoglobin, the molecule in blood that transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells. If a person fails to get sufficient quantities of iron-present in foods such as red meat and spinach-the result is anemia, characterized by a loss of skin color, weakness, fainting, and heart palpitations. Plants, too, need iron, and without the appropriate amounts are likely to lose their color, weaken, and die. COBALT. Isolated in about 1735 by Swedish chemist Georg Brandt (1694-1768), cobalt was the first metal discovered since prehistoric, or at least ancient, times. The name comes from  Kobald,  German for underground gnome, and this reflects much about the early history of cobalt. In legend, the Kobalden were mischievous sprites who caused trouble for miners, and in real life, ores containing the element that came to be known as cobalt likewise caused trouble to men working in mines. Not only did these ores contain arsenic, which made miners ill, but because cobalt had no apparent value, it only interfered with their work of extracting other minerals. Yet cobalt had been in use by artisans long before Brandts isolated the element. The color of certain cobalt compounds is a brilliant, shocking blue, and this made it popular for the coloring of pottery, glass, and tile. The element, which makes up less than 0.002% of Earths crust, is found today primarily in ores extracted from mines in Canada, Zaire, and Morocco. One of the most important uses of cobalt is in a highly magnetic alloy known as alnico, which also contains iron, nickel, and aluminum. Combined with tungsten and chromium, cobalt makes stellite, a very hard alloy used in drill bits. Cobalt is also applied in jet engines and turbines. NICKEL. Moderately magnetic in its pure form, nickel had an early history much like that of cobalt. English workers mining copper were often dismayed to find a metal that looked like copper, but was not, and they called it Old Nicks copper-meaning that it was a trick played on them by Old Nick, or the devil. The Germans gave it a similar name:  Kupfernickel,  or imp copper. Though nickel was not identified as a separate metal by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-1765) until the eighteenth century, alloys of copper, silver, and nickel had been used as coins even in ancient Egypt. Today, nickel is applied, not surprisingly, in the American five-cent piece-that is, the nickel-made from an alloy of nickel and copper. Its anti-corrosive nature also provides a number of other applications for nickel: alloyed with steel, for instance, it makes a protective layer for other metals. PLATINUM. First identified by an Italian physician visiting the New World in the mid-sixteenth century, platinum-now recognized as a precious metal-was once considered a nuisance in the same way that nickel and cadmium were. Miners, annoyed with the fact that it got in the way when they were looking for gold, called it  platina,  or little silver. One of the reasons why platinum did not immediately catch the worlds fancy is because it is difficult to extract, and typically appears with the other metals of the platinum group: iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. Only in 1803 did English physician and chemist William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) develop a means of extracting platinum, and when he did, he discovered that the metal could be hammered into all kinds of shapes. Platinum proved such a success that it made Wollaston financially independent, and he retired from his medical practice at age 34 to pursue scientific research. Today, platinum is used in everything from thermometers to parts for rocket engines, both of which take advantage of its ability to with stand high temperatures. 6. Application of transition metals complex formation in gas chromatography. we will be discusing applications of superselective liquid phases containing transition metal salts or complexes in gas chromatography Introduction: Metal complexation may be used for four purposes in gas chromatography: to help the separation of certain compounds present in the sample. In this case complexation is performed by using a stationary phase containing a metal; to utilize GC for the calculation of stability constants orother physico-chemical data; to analyse the metals themselves, by making organic volatile complexes and analysing them by GC; to increase sensitivity for inorganic and organic compounds by forming metal complexes and utilize e.g. an electron capture detector which has an increased sensitivity for such compounds. The present review discusses only the first two of these four application fields. The effect of the formation of eleetron-donor-acceptor complexes (EDA) [1-3] of transition metal cations with organic molecules containing n-bond(s) or free electron pairs (hi, O, S, halogens) may be used for the gas chromatographic separation of these molecules. The column packings containing the transition metals may be termed as superselectivepackings, because a slight difference in the structure of the separated compounds (e.g. cis- and transisomers) can give considerable difference in the retention time representing several minutes The reaction of complex formation should be rapid and reversible In the case of a 1:1 complex formation gas chromatography is convenient for the determination the stability constants of the newly formed adducts The formation of n-complexes with cations of the transition metals is particulary widely applied in gas chromatography. The termal stability of these complexes changes i~ a very broad temperature range depending on the metal and the ligand.complexes together with the temperatures of their chromatographic analysis. As seen chromatography permits as to examine the~ systems at temperatures higher than their thermal stability determined by static methods. The superselective packings can be divided into two group~ 1. Superselective liquid phases in which a salt or met~complex is melted or dissolved in a common liquid phase. 2. Superselective adsorbents in which a transition metal exists in various forms such as a salt or other co~pounds coated on the surface of a support, a porous i~ organic salt, a zeolite with the transition metal cation~ an inorganic oxide, or an inorganic or organometall~polymer. Steric Effect Substitution of bulky alkyl groups at a carbon double bond decrease the stability constants of n-complexes. The steric effect depends on the position of substitution in the following order: 2 > 4/> 3 > 5 >~ 6 [9, 78]. The small steric effect of the substituent in position 3 can be explained by considerable participation of electronic effect which, for alkyl groups has the opposite influence on stability constants than the steric effect. Electronic Effect The choice of the substituents at the double bond can increase or decrease the stability of the complex according to their electronic nature. For example, the substitution of D for H at the double bond increases the stability of the 7rcomplexes and for Rh 2* even bulk substituents increase the stability of complexes formed. This was called an inverse steric effect The electron-withdrawing effect of C1 on the electrons an aromatic ring causes a decrease in the stability constant of the n-complex of a transition metal with chlorobenzene as compared to the same complex with ethylbenzene Strain Effect:- Due to the large strain of the cyclobutene ring its ~r-complexes are less stable than those with five- and six-membered cycloolefms The Hg 2+ cation forms very strong complexes with olef~ and aromatic hydrocarbons. This is the reason why it applied for the selective retention of such compounds fr0~ hydrocarbon mixtures The stability constants of Hg ~+ complexes with molecules of organic compounds containing oxygen have been