Alison Gopnik’s Kiddy Thinks: Analysis

â€Å"Kiddy Thinks† illustrates the significance of parental involvement in a young child's life and the ability children(clarify) have to build(use infinitive) rational thoughts of how their parents view and do things in the world. Coping(use last name) reveals (omit) a new way of looking at early childhood growth. (comma splice) She explains(signal verb) that young children from newborns to four-year-olds have a very complex process of thinking and go through experiments and theories to figure out what is rational and what is not.This is a generally fair introduction, but you don't specify her thesis. You also want to look up how to correct a comma splice. ) This narrative essay covers the 3 new elements of evidence which have been found through research about the early psychological development of young children. First, the things the child already knows from the point they are born. Secondly, the rapid ability a child has to learn. Thirdly, the role a parent has in the psy chological development of the child.Allison discusses that a newborn is capable of imitating another as â€Å"early as being 42 minutes old† (Coping 238), and by the time the child is nine months old, they are able to detect emotion. While younger children like to observe, two year-olds will begin to explore, and the more something is forbidden from a child the more they will want it. By the time children are 36 months old, they start to learn very quickly through observing the behavior and reactions their parents have to certain objects and alter their own views based on the views of the parents.

Comparing and Contrasting the Two Major American Political Parties

In the United States there exists largely a dichotomy with respect to parties of political affiliation, and while other parties can and do exist, most people refer to the US as it is now as a â€Å"two-party state. † The two parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have existed in our country for over one hundred fifty-three years each, and the struggle for power in which they both partake has been no small matter, becoming more and more hotly contested as time goes on.While both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party (GOP herein) seem starkly opposite at surface level, the two often have similar goals, aspirations and plans for our country, with the main point of contention being the methods by which such things are brought about. Fiscally, the Democrats and GOP both want a free economy with as little national debt as sustainably possible, but, for the most part, the Democrats favor government action, and the GOP favors private action. With respect to so cial policy, the Democrats favor more progressive legislation, and the GOP favors more traditional legislation.As the US stands currently, in a recession, no American could disagree that everyone’s goal for the economy is to get out of the recession. The real question is â€Å"How do we do it? † Republicans say that we should cut spending, cut taxes and allow those cuts in taxes to promote job creation in the private sector: jobs come from businesses, and when the people who own the businesses have more money, they can hire more people to do more work, which would raise GDP and reduce the national debt.Democrats say that we should raise taxes to increase revenue, and use the increased revenue to sponsor various economic stimuli to promote greater productivity and job creation. This sort of top-down/bottom-up perspective has led many Americans to believe the motivations of the two parties to be a conflict of social classes, with Republicans representing largely the rich , and Democrats representing largely the poor.Undoubtedly, the largest differences between the two major parties exist in the social platforms of each. The GOP is composed mostly of those who are socially conservative, the Democratic Party, of those who are socially liberal, but there are certainly those within each party whose beliefs vary. The Democratic Party generally supports legislation promoting social tolerance, i. e. policies which limit the government’s ability to tell any person what to do, provided that they not infringe upon the rights of others.This amounts to policies in favor of things gay marriage and marijuana legalization and policies opposed to abortion restrictions, welfare drugs tests and public funding of religious institutions and schools. The GOP generally supports social legislation which maintains the status quo, protecting the foundation of America which those before us have provided. In this manner, the GOP usually favors legislation that protects the sanctity of marriage (i. e. ne man, one woman), prevents drug addicts from receiving welfare and prevents people from harming themselves with drug use, and the GOP generally opposes legislation that would allow any of the previous things to occur. Interestingly, however, the GOP strongly supports the exercise of the Second Amendment to its fullest capacity, opposing almost any gun control law, while the Democrats generally favor gun control with respect to some of the more dangerously liable guns such as assault rifles or even some semi-automatic rifles.In terms of demographics and geography, the Democrats and Republicans are quite contrasting. By and large, the Republican Party is most powerful in the South and Midwest, while the Democratic Party gains its power mostly from the North and the West coast. Republicans are more likely to be older, more wealthy, more religious and white (though this obviously does not mean all Republicans are white). Democrats are more likely to be younger, more educated and more ethnically varied than the Republican Party.These snapshots into the average Democrat or the average Republican must be taken with a grain of salt, however, as demographics and geographic are not causes of the party composition, but merely correlations which have been concluded. While the Democrats and Republicans have long been considered bitter rivals, and for the most part it is true, the two major parties in America are not quite as disparate and incongruous as many would think.They both have the same major goals for the economy, but only the methodology differs. They have different ideas for social policy, stemming from the more religious and more secular worldviews which most Republicans and most Democrats respectively hold. With the differences aside from both, the Democrats and Republicans in political offices do come together to prevent the one which they fear most: the success of any third party. Both parties will stop at nothing to maintai n whatever power they each have.

The Glass Menagerie

A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite. The Glass Menagerie A persons life isn’t always what it’s expected to be. Every ones lives tell a completely different story, whether it’s sad or it’s joyful. Tennessee Williams shows a great example of three peoples lives in his play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams uses several different themes throughout the play, including control in Amanda, Laura and Tom’s lives. Laura is one of the characters that gets a lot of control in her life, by her mother Amanda. â€Å"We have to be making some plans and previsions for her. She’s older than you. † (Williams 763) Amanda is the one speaking in the quote above, she is speaking to Tom. Amanda is saying that they need to be making plans and changes in Laura’s life. She technically wants to control Laura’s life. Amanda is the mother of Tom and Laura but she tries to control everything they do. Amanda is the controller of her son and daughter, Tom and Laura. She either controls what they do or tries to control their future. â€Å"†¦ it would be nice for your sister if you brought home some nice young man from the warehouse†¦ (756) Amanda says that to Tom. â€Å"Laura, are you going to do what I asked you to , or do i have to get dressed and go out myself? † Amanda says this to Laura. As you can tell Amanda is very bossy, she wants Tom to get Laura a nice young man from the warehouse and commands Laura to go somewhere for her. Laura usually does what her mother says but Tom sometimes yells back her and makes a big ar gument start. On the other hand Tom gets controlled by his mother, Amanda, but he tries to defend himself. Whenever Tom and Amanda argue Tom tries to defend himself by talking back to her, for example, â€Å"House, house! Who pays the rent on it, who makes himself a slave to-† (759) Tom is complaining to Amanda how he is the one who pays the rent when she is trying to accuse him for doing nothing. In every argument that they have, Tom doesn’t let it go, he keeps it going. Williams had several different themes in The glass Menagerie. Control was one that stood out to me. Obviously Amanda was the overall controller. She tried to control Laura and Toms lives. â€Å"You smoke too much. A pack a day at fifteen cents a pack, how much would that amount add up to in a month? † (764) Amanda tries to control Toms smoking habits, but he’s a grown man and he decided to smoke and she has to deal with it now. She is not always going to have control over him or even Laura’s life. When i read this play, i could kind of relater to Laura’s life. Control is also in my life, from my parent. They simply want me to have a better life, sort of like Laura in the play. â€Å"I want you to be someone in life and want you to have a career that you enjoy doing. (My parents) My parents don’t want me to end up working at a fast food restaurant for the rest of my life, they want me to continue my education so i can end up with a career that will pay me the big bucks. I’m pretty sure anyone has some kind of control in their lives. Control was one of the themes that Tennessee Williams used in The Glass Menagerie. Control in this play is important becau se it is one of the main themes, and shows how peoples lives can be when we might think it’s the total opposite.

The Young Persons Rail Card Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Young Persons Rail Card - Essay Example To increase the interactivity on the site, the bloggers will need to prove themselves as the site will be open to popularity voting and other YPRC holders can also blog on the site and topple the current rank holders. Bloggers, who in a given calendar quarter, reach the top of their geographic unit are eligible for a cash prize of 250 along with travel passes for another 250. While viewing blogs will be free, commenting on posted blogs will require site registration and voting or creating own blogs will require that they should be YPRC holders. Another change that is required from current practices is that purchase of YPRC should be available online. This would have a two fold benefit: firstly, it will trap the 'procrastinator' demographic of 14% who have already made up their mind up to purchase but have been 'waylaid' by circumstances into putting off making the purchase till another time; and secondly, the ease of applying online will enable us to reach a wider audience, especially for those who may find it inconvenient or time consuming to visit their local station ticketing offices. While initial information and product education will be disseminated through strategically located posters on school, college and university campuses, Internet advertising will primarily drive acquisition. It is estimated that at 12 million page views will be displayed to our target audience resulting in 120,000 new YPRC holders at a conservative conversion rate of 1%. This will result in a direct revenue increase of 2.4 million. After accounting for campaign costs the net contribution of this campaign would be approximately 450,000. Marketing Plan Objectives Primary Objective: To recruit 96,000 to 100,000 new YPRC holders translating into direct revenue increase of 1.92 to 2.0 million (12%-12.5%) Secondary Objective: Increase average number of journeys by YPRC holders. Situation Analysis (Summary) 16-25 year olds are a 7.9 million strong market. 83% of this demographic are students. Nearly half of these (47%) are living away from home and have a fair degree of financial independence. The drawback with the current 'distribution' system for YPRC is that it is pull based. 97% of YPRC purchases are from station ticketing offices. Buyers are 'pulled' into the 'store' through advertising and other marketing mechanics. This effectively limits the scope of reaching a sizeable segment of 'procrastinators' (14%) who have 'not got round to it yet' The primary competition rail travel faces is from cars. However, there is a marked decline in the perceived convenience of cars, which is a fact that can be leveraged in the campaign. Customers can be broadly categorized as: 16-18 year old Sixth Formers: 17% 1.3 million 19-25 year old Independent & At Home Students: 66% 3.7 million 19-25 yea

Greed Field Ventures Limited Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Greed Field Ventures Limited - Case Study Example This study declares that the accumulated profit of the company grew from $35,070.00 in 2001 to $1,000,078.00 in 2009 representing 2,851% increase. Likewise shareholders interest grew from $142,570.00 in 2001 to $2,876,628.00 in 2009 representing 2017% increase. As a result of this growth the ownership structure, management structure and business strategy have been transformed. Two key partners invested in the expansion process. The management team is gradually developing a corporate identity and governance strategies. The work force has increased in quality and quantity to meet the human resource needs of the new GFVL. From on-the-farm and warehouse sales the company has developed a modern marketing strategy involving advertisement, promotions and direct supplies. Allison Madison has been in agricultural production since 1980s. He inherited a vast land at different locations. All together he inherited about 1150 acres. Only about half of the total farm land was cultivated at the init ial stage. Farming was highly seasonal. Hence there the capital base was small. The turnover was about $89,500.00. Only the farm lands close to villages were cultivated. Labour was provided by villagers and seasonal migrants. There were no built structures except small round-shaped mud warehouses scattered in the village settlements. The crops produced were crops produced in the neighbouring village settlements. They were all cereals: maize, millet and guinea corn. Although production was above subsistence level, farm produce were largely sold in the village market. Thus prices were highly variable and unpredictable. There was no proper record of the inputs and outputs in the production process. Except for the processing of maize stalks into fence, there was no value added to the production process. By late 1990s Allison has settled down. The acreage inherited was fully utilized. The types of crops produced have increased. From this paper it is clear that ground nuts, soya beans and rice were produced. Manual labour was complimented by tractors. Two tractors were hired. The size and type of crops produced were not for village market. Two warehouses were consequently built, where farm produce were stored and sold when prices are favourable. A truck with capacity of conveying 3 tonnes was bought purposely for transporting produce to distant markets and buyers. Allison was assisted in the management of the farms by his son, with a degree in business administration, and his nephew with a diploma in agricultural economics. These two young men began to transformation of Allison's business. They were initially not salaried and had no offices. They relied on informal commissions and returns from their small farms. The Launch In 2000, new windows of opportunities were opened as a result of new agricultural policies implemented by the government. The Cassava Enterprise Development Programme was more promising. To benefit from the loans, technical assistance and other in centives under this programme, Allison had to formalize his farm holdings. His son and nephew handled this task and Madison & Sons was born. A bank account was opened in the new to access the loan. Also, an office with at least a farm manager, accountant and clerical staff was needed to benefit from capacity building on farm management.  

Evolution of the 19th Century European Paintings Term Paper

Evolution of the 19th Century European Paintings - Term Paper Example Towards the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, perceptions have been changed. Art is then described as a pursuit or profession in which skill is geared towards the achievement of taste or creation of what is beautiful. And although the skill is there, art is further associated with taste, class, elegance, and beauty. An account has been made that Mme. de Pompadour contributed in the development of new standards for such taste and elegance, but also did so much to heighten the status of the artists in the society. During this century, artists and writers became frequent guests in aristocratic rendezvous.In the 19th century, artists already began to show more extensive emancipations with conventional ideas and techniques, interpretation, and appropriate subject matter. The manifestations of the artists' skills are greatly shown in their works. Their ideas of beauty and creativity coupled with their skills were radiated to superior works of art that have entertained spectators. W ith this, artists held special and sublime class, in some ways distinct from ordinary humans. Another noted consideration of the 19th-century perception of art and its relation to the present day is the ability of paintings to persuade and teach. At that time, it has been the most powerful visual image and the window of people to get information about the world around them. Thus, wealthy and powerful supporters used art for the purpose of education. This concept has transcended to the creation highly technological visual images used today. Somehow, the theories that apply to the use of art during the olden centuries have been handed down to current generations. It is a very important tool to facilitate learning and it continuously advances to graphic designs in cyber technology. Also during the 19th century is the spread of democracy and at this stage, avenues have been provided for artists that allowed them to present vast diversity of visions and messages. This was also because of the fact that there has been an increase in the middle class that already patronize their works; like today, exhibits are held to publicly display an artist' masterpieces. There were still convictions, as there have been in the past, in the supremacy of art to shape human minds. But now, these works of art became expressions of visions and the thus the artists were foreseen as prophets. They somehow provide moral and spiritual guidance and to project beauty and significance for the emergence of the industrial age; to reinvent and develop the visual arena to meet the changing times. As noted in the past, the later years of the 19th century gave rise to significant movements such as modernism, impressionism, expressionism, and symbolism. In many ways, these movements are clearly s een in today's concept of arts. The quest for innovation and updated-ness is inherent in the artist's goal of producing fine arts. Nonetheless, there are still many who remain to patronize the traditional, nostalgic techniques and endeavored to hinder the accelerating rate of change. The appearances of such arts are with intricate, elaborate, and decorative details, as opposed to modernist penchant to simplify forms and diminish decorative details. Similar to present setting, there is a diverse range of themes in modern paintings. There may a touch of contemporary inspiration or the traditional and melancholy mood. However these

Public Order Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Order Crimes - Research Paper Example Prostitution Prostitution is one of the most common public order crimes being faced by the whole world. Prostitution is the business of getting money in return of providing sexual services to other people. If we talk about Chicago, the police department registers thousands of new prostitution cases every year. I believe that this activity should be free from government and law enforcement interference because it does not produce any kind of harm to any person in the society. Prostitution as a business based totally on the will of the involved women. It provides sexual independence to women so it is not a forced sexual activity. It is a private business transaction, which cannot be performed without the will of the women. No one has the right to stop a woman from fulfilling her sexual desires whether she fulfils it with her boyfriend, with husband, or with some stranger in return of money. In Chicago, prostitution is not viewed as a serious crime, which can harm some other person. The reason is that this activity does not take place without the will of both men and women. Pornography Pornography refers to the act of using sexual images to make the viewers arouse sexually. People view pornographic material to get sexual satisfaction. Pornography is a victimless crime and is meant to provide sexual pleasure to the viewers. People involved in the act or business of pornography show pornographic material to other people through many ways, such as, through books, websites, magazines, paintings, photos, and videos. Pornography is a consensual act because a woman shows her body to other people with her own will. Snatching the right of porn from a woman is like snatching the sexual freedom from that woman. Although pornography is a public order crime, it does not violate the rights of women. Access to pornographic material is the right of every individual. Such feminists believe that pornography does not harm the status of women in a society rather it makes women fulfill their sexual frustration while keeping their privacy intact. The truth is that pornography harms the social status of women by showing them as something to be enjoyed. In Chicago, the graph of this crime seems to be low. The reason is that Chicago has a small porn industry as compared to other cities of the United States. The total number of porn movies coming from Chicago is very less as compared to the number of movies that come from Los Angeles. Almost 90 percent of the porn movies come from Los Angeles. Drug Trafficking Drug trafficking is one of those issues which are being faced by the United States for many years. â€Å"It refers to the illegal process through which narcotics and other illegal drugs are produced, transported, and sold†2 (Sherman, 2010, p. 7). Drug trafficking is the exchange of drugs between different drug dealers. It not only includes manufacturing of different drugs but also includes selling of drugs to the related people. It is also a

How I Saved a Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How I Saved a Life - Essay Example The American countryside experience was quite interesting and calm. Unlike the city which was flocked with people, Colorado had sparse population. There were a lot of old houses that we encountered as we drove off the highway and into a paved spur and finally to a washboard that led us to Ed’s home. The fresh smell of countryside welcomed us home as cows mooed and horses neighed. Our vacation had just begun. Hardly had we finished taking tea that we were out as Ed was dying to show me around. Joining us was one of Ed’s friends who schooled in the countryside and had come to welcome Ed home. The young girl was lovely and we got along quite easily.As we were strolling round the fields, I could not help but appreciate the beautiful scenery of the old structures together with the green environment. While everything seemed fine, the unexpected happened. I had a quick yell which fast disappeared into the ground. On turning back, I could not see the young girl. By that time, E d was running towards the source of the scream. I quickly followed him and true to our fears, Ed’s friend was trapped in a pit. The pit was dark and had stems and roots of various plants running deep inside. We could only hear echoes of the girl’s cries from the top of the pit. Confused and scared, we stared at each other not knowing what to do with darkness quickly setting in.Ed was particularly scared because of what I came to realize later was fear of losing the friend having lost a cousin in the pit some years back through a similar experience

Human Resource management of Fire & Rescue service Essay

Human Resource management of Fire & Rescue service - Essay Example gic HR then was Karen Palframan, says that the Service has to transition from a traditional paradigm of service delivery to one which is dovetailed to the service risks of the audience that they serve. She says they need to be adept at operating their equipment, particularly for geriatric populations, and other groups which pose greater vulnerability. Prevention of fires and dealing with high jeopardy situations must also be addressed adequately. She further shares that this is a hallmark for the FRS (The Chief Fire Officers Association, 2006) Human Resource Management, or simply HRM, is considered as an integral component of the operations of any enterprise. HRM may be used as an effectual strategic approach of managing people to achieve the objectives set by the organisation. Guest and Peccei (1994) and Schwind, Das & Wagar (1999) state that an essential means to business vitality lies in the effectiveness of human resource management. HRM focuses on recruiting, screening, managing the performance of, and rewarding employees (Stone, 2002). Developing career opportunities; equipping employees with competencies; enhancing their current capacities; doing purposeful performance management; motivating employees; promoting safety; and ensuring the accuracy of job responsibilities are just some of the roles the HRM play. All of these practises are to be viewed as unified, and in aggregate have a beneficial effect upon employees and the enterprise as a while (Morrison, 1996; Schwind, Das & Wagar, 1999). This synergy, is generated when the combined HRM practises enrich the organisations workforce, and when such empowerment is reflected in increased productivity (Stone, 2002; Yeung & Berman, 1997). Organisations are more likely to enjoy success when HR practises are synergistic and relevant. In order to achieve this, Bowen and Ostroff (2004) suggested that the bundled HRM practises be implemented to stir motivation among employees, compelling them to elicit desirable,

Life in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life in Prison - Essay Example The text provided me with a comprehensive view of this subject. b. There are different strategies being used by "Anonymous N. Inmate" and the other inmates in their adjustment to the prison system. Some attempt to become more involved in prison lives in a good way, occupying themselves with programs and activities that pass the time, like reading, drawing, getting a job, educating themselves, participating in religious activities and other activities. These are used as ways to escape the difficult reality of living within the prison compound. Others choose do behave differently; engaging in the economy of illegal goods and services, prison politics, joining a gang, etc. Both methods are, in a way, forms of escapism of the reality and keeping one engaged and busy. Another adaptation to life in prison is that which involves sex in prison. While some prisoners opt to only masturbate, others begin having sex with other men, while picturing women. The dire lack of any women and the possibility to have sex with someone of your own choice leads them to doing this. This is clearly an adaptation difficult to make, but statistics show that between 12 and up to 65 percent of prisoners do this. c. The inmates need for respect, hope and safety contributes to the correctional policy to a great extent. By knowing what the prisoner needs and aspires to, the correctional system can adapt its methods of conduct, its strategies of operation, its rewards and punishments to these needs of the prisoners. For example, prisoners who exhibit a good behavior could be granted with special freedoms or privileges, something which will enhance their sense of being respected and valued. These prisoners could be commended on their good behavior, encouraging them to keep it up. In the same way, while of course keeping a humane and reasonable approach, prisoners who misbehave should be discouraged from continuing this form of conduct. d. The facility in

Infertility Essay Example for Free

Infertility Essay What is infertility? Infertility is defined as inability to conceive despite have regular unprotected intercourse for at least 12 months or for at least six months for a woman over the age of 35. Infertility can also refer to a female who can not carry a pregnancy to full term. What causes infertility? There is no one thing that causes infertility. Infertility can be caused by complications with the body such as ovulation disorders, premature ovarian failure, poor egg quality,overactive or underactive thyroid gland,etc. Other factors that affect infertility include age,smoking,heavy drinking, being overweight or obese, over or under exercising, eating disorders, sexually transmitted infections and even being stressed. Are only women infertile? No,about 20% of cases of infertility are due to a problem with the man. Just as women can have complications with their reproductive organs men can experience this as well. Complications include sperm abnormalities like low sperm count, abnormal sperm shape, poor sperm motility. Other problems include structural abnormalities and problems with ejaculation. Are there other options? Although infertility affects about 15% of couples, the research and treatment has come a long way. weather its the male, female, or both are experiencing fertility problems there are options. There are many different ways that assisted conception can be done these include IUI, IVF, ICSI, and sperm or egg donation. IUI (intrauterine insemination) commonly done when men have a low sperm count. it is the insertion of sperm directly into the uterus during the time of ovulation. IVF (in vitro fertilization) is when sperm and eggs are combined in a petri dish and then the embryo is placed in the uterus. ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is when a single sperm is injected into and egg and then placed directly into the uterus. Sperm or egg donation is when there is either no sperm or egg in one if the partners, its possible to receive sperm or eggs from a donor. How does this relate to me? Most teens do not even think about having a baby, but what we are doing as teenagers can affect us down the road. Teens are becoming sexually active at a much younger age and the increase of STI’s is creating a big problem for these teens fertility. Researchers predict a jump in infertility in the next 5-15 years due to the high chlamydia rates in women in their teens and early 20’s. Many other activities that are increasing in the teenage population can increase the risk of becoming infertile. These activities include smoking, heavy drinking, being overweight, over or under exercising, eating disorders, mental stress or illness and illegal drugs. What else should i know about infertility? It is estimated that one in six couples face difficulties in conceiving about 10% of women ages 15-44 have difficulty getting or staying pregnant about 20% of women have their first child after 35Â  infertility affects men and women equally up to 13% of female infertility is caused by cigarette smoking ovulation abnormalities and sperm deficiencies are the most common causes of infertility 29 year old woman has a 20% per month chance of getting pregnant compared to 7% for a woman at age 39 25% of infertile couples have more than one factor that contributes to their infertility after age 35 a womans chances of getting pregnant go down and chance of miscarriage goes up

Elements of Good Feasibility Essay Example for Free

Elements of Good Feasibility Essay Those who do not do their homework do not graduate. Bryces Law In its simplest form, a Feasibility Study represents a definition of a problem or opportunity to be studied, an analysis of the current mode of operation, a definition of requirements, an evaluation of alternatives, and an agreed upon course of action. As such, the activities for preparing a Feasibility Study are generic in nature and can be applied to any type of project, be it for systems and software development, making an acquisition, or any other project. There are basically six parts to any effective Feasibility Study: 1. The PROJECT SCOPE which is used to define the business problem and/or opportunity to be addressed. The old adage, The problem well stated is half solved, is very apropos. The Scope should be definitive and to the point; rambling narrative serves no purpose and can actually confuse project participants. It is also necessary to define the parts of the business affected either directly or indirectly, including project participants and end-user areas affected by the project. The project sponsor should be identified, particularly if he/she is footing the bill. I have seen too many projects in the corporate world started without a well defined Project Scope. Consequently, projects have wandered in and out of their boundaries causing them to produce either far too much or far too little than what is truly needed. 2. The CURRENT ANALYSIS is used to define and understand the current method of implementation, such as a system, a product, etc. From this analysis, it is not uncommon to discover there is actually nothing wrong with the current system or product other than some misunderstandings regarding it or perhaps it needs some simple modifications as opposed to a major overhaul. Also, the strengths and weaknesses of the current approach are identified (pros and cons). In addition, there may very well be elements of the current system or product that may be used in its successor thus saving time and money later on. Without such analysis, this may never be discovered. Analysts are cautioned to avoid the temptation to stop and correct any problems encountered in the current system at this time. Simply document your findings instead, otherwise you will spend more time unnecessarily in this stage (aka Analysis Paralysis). 3. REQUIREMENTS how requirements are defined depends on the object of the projects attention. For example, how requirements are specified for a product are substantially different than requirements for an edifice, a bridge, or an information system. Each exhibits totally different properties and, as such, are defined differently. How you define requirements for software is also substantially different than how you define them for systems. (See, Understanding the Specifications Puzzle) 4. The APPROACH represents the recommended solution or course of action to satisfy the requirements. Here, various alternatives are considered along with an explanation as to why the preferred solution was selected. In terms of design related projects, it is here where whole rough designs (e. g. , renderings) are developed in order to determine viability. It is also at this point where the use of existing structures and commercial alternatives are considered (e. g. , build versus buy decisions). The overriding considerations though are: †¢Does the recommended approach satisfy the requirements? †¢Is it also a practical and viable solution? (Will it Play in Poughkeepsie? ) A thorough analysis here is needed in order to perform the next step 5. EVALUATION examines the cost effectiveness of the Approach selected. This begins with an analysis of the estimated total cost of the project. In addition to the recommended solution, other alternatives are estimated in order to offer an economic comparison. For development projects, an estimate of labor and out-of-pocket expenses is assembled along with a project schedule showing the project path and start-and-end dates. After the total cost of the project has been calculated, a cost and evaluation summary is prepared which includes such things as a cost/benefit analysis, return on investment, etc. . REVIEW all of the preceding elements are then assembled into a Feasibility Study and a formal review is conducted with all parties involved. The review serves two purposes: to substantiate the thoroughness and accuracy of the Feasibility Study, and to make a project decision; either approve it, reject it, or ask that it be revised before making a final decision. If approved, it is very important that all parties sign the document which expresses their acceptance and commitment to it; it may be a seemingly small gesture, but signatures carry a lot of weight later on as the project progresses. If the Feasibility Study is rejected, the reasons for its rejection should be explained and attached to the document. CONCLUSION It should be remembered that a Feasibility Study is more of a way of thinking as opposed to a bureaucratic process. For example, what I have just described is essentially the same process we all follow when purchasing an automobile or a home. As the scope of the project grows, it becomes more important to document the Feasibility Study particularly if large amounts of money are involved and/or the criticality of delivery. Not only should the Feasibility Study contain sufficient detail to carry on to the next succeeding phase in the project, but it should also be used for comparative analysis when preparing the final Project Audit which analyzes what was delivered versus what was proposed in the Feasibility Study. Feasibility Studies represent a commonsense approach to planning. Frankly, it is just plain good business to conduct them. However, I have read where some people in the I. T. field, such as the Agile methodology proponents, consider Feasibility Studies to be a colossal waste of time. If this is true, Ive got a good used car I want to sell them.

Hilton Hotels Challenges Faced

Hilton Hotels Challenges Faced Hilton Hotel, Reading hotel facilitates a very homely atmosphere which invites people to live in their own houses. It is just four minutes away from Readings historical city centre, The Thames River and the renowned shopping centre. This hotel is located on the Kennet Island Development and has walking distance to Madejski Stadium. This hotel is close to the Reading train station. And it hardly takes twenty-five minutes to reach Heathrow airport. This is very convenient for the customers. Hilton Hotel Reading provides spacious, air-conditioned rooms which have large units. This hotel is decorated and attracts large number of the tourist. It also provides wired and wireless internet access for their customers. They have the latest audio-visual technology. A large customer service desk and comfortable Hilton beds. Dinner in a fabulous Larder Restaurant, which provides a mixture of domestic and inter-continental dishes which persuades both modern and traditional dishes and finishing the delicious meal with a cocktail in the tranquil bar K.Tone . There is a flattering twenty-four living well health club characterising Living well by precor gym equipment, swimming pool indoor as well as out door, sauna and a dance studio for various fitness classes. Customers can celebrate or have business occasions at the Hilton Reading Hotel which has eight large meeting rooms and a large ballroom which can cater up to four hundred guests. Literature review: Hilton hotel Reading is just few minutes away from Reading station and twenty five minutes away from the Heathrow Airport. www.hilton.co.uk/reading. Hilton hotel is a service industry and in the service. In a service industry customers are of great importance. Without the customers the organisations dont work. Online banking has become a very important technological development not only for business but also for general public. Food and beverages of Hilton Hotel is branded and of very good quality. They higher people who perfectionists in their jobs. Their standard is highly maintained. But as it is said nobody is perfect. There are some problems faced by the food and beverages of Hilton hotel Reading. There are some customer complaints for the food and beverages staff of Hilton hotel, reading. Hilton Hotel Reading has an emerging problem and complaints. The positive impact of the complaints on the staff The staffs try their level best to provide best services to customers but due to some mistakes committed by them, customers complaint. Customers have full rights to complaint as they are paying for their stay and the facilities. If they are not satisfied about spending their money at good place they have to give feedbacks. The feedbacks of the customers help to analyse the staff performance. The complaints of customers helps the hotel to understand that what went wrong and what can be done so that these complaints are not repeated.Nita Umashankar, Raji Srinivasan, and Dustin Hindman Journal of Service Research, May 2011; vol. 14, 2: pp. 164-179. First published on March 7, 2011 Hilton hotel take keen interest in solving the problems of the customers. Customer satisfaction is the basic objective. Hilton Takes the complaints positively and puts in their best so that the mistakes are not repeated again. As per the interview of a manager, who said that if they wont have complaints how they will proceed? And criticism is very important because they always cannot be perfect. Without having complaints they cannot know about the problems in the staff. They cannot maintain their standard. As per the information the staff has always been trained if there are complaints from the customers. http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/hilton www.hilton.com International Journal of Hospitality Management, Volume 25, Issue 1, March 2006, Pages 69-90 Osman M. Karatepe Negative impacts of the complain Staff of Hilton Hotel reading is highly qualified. They pay keen attention towards satisfying their customers. When there are complaints about their services in food and beverage they feel very bad and loose their self-confidence. They get demotivated. They are afraid to face their managers. In this fear they perform even more badly and sometimes even leave the job out of frustration. There is lot of pressure on them so that they provide good services to the customer in this pressure they make even more mistakes. The staff members are scared of getting fired from their work. They loose their attention and sometimes with this fear even of loosing their job they get stressed. Due to stress they have tensions which lead to illness and low performance at work, absenteeism, less participation at work. [emailprotected] Difference between Complaints and Requests Requests: Request is when the customer politely orders for a service. For which he/she has paid. Complaints: Even after requesting a service for which the customer has already paid, doesnt get a good response then there is a complaint of dissatisfaction. The disappointment to the customer lead them to complaint. What measures have to be taken by the manager to solve the problem The staff members get demoralized when they hear about the complaints from their manager. It is very inappropriate to disclose the facts in front of the staff. As per the Manager of Hilton Hotel, Reading the staff has to be tackled carefully because they are the jewels of the company. They cannot be thrown away by the hotel. Instead of that the term diplomacy is brought into practice with the help of which the food staff and beverages staff can be handled. Recruiting is not easy they value their staff and will put full efforts to train them as per the customer requirements. How can you motivate your employees in a Service industry? To support your employee he/she have to be given a pay-raise. He must feel vital. Manager should make him understand his significance in the company. In a hotel fabrication which is a service industry customers are very significant. They recruit the best people to hand round customers. A practical theory of motivation applied to the hotels Having meeting, seminars, incentives, motivational trips, get-together planners , organising events. Employees should be given training, education apparatus, minimalism of task and both inherited cerebral and substantial competence. Give me enough medals and Ill win any war Napoleon Bonaparte Darren Lee-Ross (Lecturer in tourism and hospitality management; South Cross University) Levels of employee motivation Path of an member of staff actions: It relates to those behaviours which the individual chooses to execute The level of endeavour: How firm the individual is enthusiastic to work The level of determination: It refers to the individuals readiness to follow the behaviour in spite of barriers Motivation theories Maslows theory Self Actualisation: achieving the basic goal of a persons life. Esteem: The self confidence of the person. Of motivation applied to the hotels Belongingness/love: Attainment of love from friends, family Safety: the security of life. Security of employment Physiological needs: Food, clothing and shelter. Theory X and Theory Y Douglas McGregor Theory X According to theory X, the employees are satisfied with whatever they have. They dont like to contribute in meetings. The only work for what they are paid and have no interest after their working hours are over. They dont participate in the business meetings. They obey the boss, if the boss says stand the employees stand if they say sit then they sit. This is a traditional theory. Obey the boss and never speak anything in front of him. Boss is always right. So the employees never bothered to interfere in companies matter they were pleased with whatever they get. Employees depend upon the boss to take decisions. And follow the instructions given by them. The boss is very dominating in theory X. And the employee has to follow his instruction or else he/she will be removed from job. So the employees are passive without any interest and happiness to work. Theory Y According to theory Y, the employees are not satisfied they crave for more and more. They love to participate in the meetings. The employees are very innovative. They come up with new ideas and share it with the top level management for the progress of the company. They work than hours, they have hunger of success. The employees are very enthusiastic and are always willing to help and participate. Employees love to take responsibilities, they like when the manager shows trust in them. This modern theory where an employee can speak in front of the high authorities. He can share his views unlike theory Y. The boss doesnt dominate the employees he lets them free and guides them for the responsibility handed over to them. Such employees are bothered about the companies well being. They love to serve for the company. They have great chances of getting promoted because they are very flexible and are very loyal with the business or the company. They are always appreciated by their managers and promoted. Taylors theory of scientific management Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) motivating the employee increasing the remuneration of the employee. Workers or employees dont like working so the managers have to have supervision and split their work. They should be trained properly and should have good environment for working. If the pay scale is increased workers work with enthusiasm. Mayos Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that employees are not only concerned about money but about social needs. He considered that workers having feelings and like to be noticed. Mayo concluded that Better communication between the employees and employers. Involvement of the employees in making decision Working in groups. http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/people_motivation_theories.htm Importance of motivation to an employee Service industry recruits qualified people. The key of an organisations success is its employees. If the employees are motivated they work with enthusiasm and that is good for the companys welfare. So it is very important to motivate employees. If the employees are satisfied, customers will be satisfied. If the customers are satisfied company is satisfied. Management style being followed at Hilton Group Hilton Hotel is a part of a very big corporation of Hilton group. It follows civilization of a Multi National Company. The Staffs at the hotel are well qualified and highly experienced employees and from this time forth, the management style being adopted by the managers in the hotel is Laissez-Faire. The manager delegates the work to the staff and he sets the time and responsibility of completing the task success on the employees. The manager keeps on supervise and advising the staff whenever it is required but he himself does not take the decision. This method motivates the employee. The workers here are dedicated towards their work as they find an surroundings where they see their individual and specialized enlargement. The staff here gets more of job and proficient contentment as he not only learns by taking the accountability but has also being salaried when he completes the task on time. Management Structure theories The management structure of an organisation can assist or put obstruction in the advancement towards achieving the long term objective. The organisations can attain their business aim by examining their needs and then corresponding them with the suitable management structure. The management structure plays a major role in fascinating the staffs and maintains long term growth. It also helps in getting better the decision making performance. The three main types of management structure are Matrix, Functional and Divisional Structure, (Small Business, 2011). Functional Structure: This structure is generally formed by considering the purpose of each part of organisation and then groups them accordingly. In this type of structure, for example, there could be a marketing department, a food and services department, home services, Security, etc. This structure is good when the organisation is smaller in size, as the department will be able to rely on the experience and knowledge of its staff and will be able to support itself. But, the disadvantage of functional management structure is that, the harmonization and communiquà © between different section can become difficult and thus leading to miscommunication or trouble when more than one department is involved in completing the task, (Small Business, 2011-04-29). Divisional Structure: Generally, the organisations which are overweight in size and operate at different locations or they have separate organisations but beneath one umbrella group to handle diverse market areas, use this type of management structure. In case of warmth industry, like we have taken Hilton Hotel, which has a variety of twigs at diverse location, they cant rely on central office for every decision. In this case, each hotel follows their own strategies, as each of them may be administrating in different business marketplace and may be facing different confront. The prevalent advantage of this arrangement is that, the decisions are made quickly and are more detailed towards the needs of that particular hotel. But, the difficulty is the statement is self-conscious as the employees of different divisions are not working together, (Small Business, 2011). Matrix Structure: This type of management structure is a mix of both functional and divisional structure. This is generally used in multinational companies or organisations which has presence in various part of globe. This structure allows the advantages of functional as well as divisional structure. But the biggest drawback here is that, it creates power struggle as most of the areas of organisation has dual management. The functional manager and the divisional manager at a time holding same area thus causing confusion and tensions at times, (Small Business, 2011). Management Structure in Hilton Reading Hotel Hilton Hotel, Reading is a part of Hilton HOTELS group which has process in around 90 nation. Being part of such a big corporation, it was classically not possible for the top executives to design a functional or matrix management structure. Henceforth, they chose the Divisional management structure to give liberty to each of the hotels in force at different geological locations and also to make decision making procedure easier. The Hilton Hotel thus follows divisional management structure where each hotel is accountable for its business. This has given more sovereignty to the managers in taking the decisions based on the ground and day today state of affairs. This has also kept the staff and the mangers at the hotel level more work acquaint you with and stimulated towards the task. Globalization and its effects on Hospitality Industry Globalization leads to more reciprocally supporting world financial system and thus it becomes a major driving factor in the hospitality and tourism industry. The people of one nation itinerant to other parts of the world and vice versa have given a chance for the hotel industry to tap this occasion. Cultural diversity is one of the belongings of the globalization. And bearing in mind various chances which have come due to globalization, management has become aware of this occurrence while deciding the intended plans for their corporation. Its the effect of globalization only, that you can get any continental food in any benchmark hotel. Its easier to find diverse varieties of foods while visiting a hotel these days than it was few years ago. Now the industry has adopted itself and has developed its business as well which not only comprise the forces and products but the organisation as a whole, which further consists of management and the labour force. Benefits to Hotel Industry Globalization has benefitted the hotel industry. The customers are from different countries coming and living in Hilton. Globalization has developed relationships with the customers globally. Methodology: In order to obtain sufficient amount of information about Hilton Reading hospitality and service industry number of methods have to be followed. There are two methods which relate to the research methodology which are as follows:- Primary search : The primary research consists of personal interviews and questionnaires. There was a questionnaire conducted and the detailed information of the interview is as follows: Male customers 56% and female customers 44% Ages of the customers was from 20-25 years of age 10% 25-40 years of age 60% 40 and above years of age 30% and the rest age group people are not extraverts. Businessman 60% , Retired 20% , Professional 20% Have you ever been to Hilton Reading? Yes____ No____ How was your experience? Good____ Bad____ Dont know____ If your experience was good then please give the reason to it. If your experience was bad then please give a reason to it Will ever go back to Hilton for a stay? Yes____ No____ If yes please give the reason for the stay.. If no please give the reason for not staying.. Will you recommend your friend to Hilton Reading? Yes____No____ How many stars will give to the staff of Reading Hilton? ___% Do you have any complaints about the hotel? yes___ No____ If you have any complaints please fill in the complaints How was the food of Hilton Reading? Good____ Bad____ Dont know___ How well maintained is the Hilton Building is? Good____ Bad___ Dont know____ How much will you grade for cleanliness? Good____ Bad ____ Dont know___ Did you feel like home? Yes___ No___ How comfortable where the beds? Good___ Bad___ Dont know____ How was the staff behaviour at Hilton Reading? Good ___Bad ___ Dont know__ Did you find the staff friendly? Yes___ no ___ 2) Secondary search: The secondary research was conducted as to support the primary research. The research or investigation also depends on resources which were drawn from published materials such as prior studies, e-journals, bank reports and websites. Time Table of work Duration Steps taken Week 1 Reading the topic and understanding what is necessary. Week 2-3 Choosing the topic and sending the proposal Week 4-5 Aim of the study and objectives of the company Week 6 Literature review, methodology data collection Week 7 Analysing the data collected. Week 8 Rough draft of assignment and corrections made by the lecturer. Week 9 Correcting mistakes and Final submission. Conclusion The complaints of the customers have both negative effects and positive effects on the employees or staff members. The positive effects to company is they will be able to correct their mistakes. But it is not good to have customer complaints it ruin the brand image of the company. People think ten times before going to the hotel. If there are complaints the hotel industry has to pay attention and give proper reply to their complaints. They should be instant. Hilton hotel has to maintain its standard by reducing the complaints. Due to complaints hotel loose their loyalty with the customers. In order for customers to be loyal they have to minimise their complaints. When a customer files a complaint the employers have to be very careful about discussing it with the staff. This can demoralize the staff. Managers/ employers have to be very careful in dealing with employees. He should motivate them to do better. He should find out why the employee made a mistake and such a mistake that the customer had to complaint about it. Food and beverages have to be of high standard. If any mistakes in these areas the customers can sue the company. The issue is about handling the positive and negative aspects of complaints on the employees. It is very much known to the employer and if the problem of de-motivation arises the employees loose their self confidence and keep repeating their mistakes. And sometimes they even leave the job. This can cost a fortune to the company if their entire employee keeps leaving the job. The manager has to be polite enough and not aggressive. He should train the employees again and start give awards to the employees who work will. In Hilton Reading this procedure has been followed. As per the interview of an employee it was said that Hilton has always been good to their employees. They have been faithful and have always realised their importance. Recruiting and training is not an easy task. So the old employees already know the welfare and standar d of the company Hilton doesnt want to loose their employees. So to conclude the manager should keep things calm and be tactful and make the employees work well under their guidance. Recommendation After study and investigate on the guidance and organization styles and its arrangement, following proposal has been not compulsory: The Hotel management needs to be supportive towards the employees. The employees should be given a chance to interact often with the management to reduce the miscommunication. The consumers should be given more educational varied surroundings, to make their stay more relaxing and give them comfortable feeling.

Assessment of Into the Wild Essays -- essays papers

Assessment of Into the Wild Although precisely on target in his assessment of Chris McCandless being "in touch with the bare-bones essence of nature", Gordon Young's preceding description of Chris should be rephrased: A profoundly Un-American figure, uncompromising in his approach and thoroughly optimistic about the future. For Chris McCandless did not set out to show or prove his American character. Neither does he approve or want to exemplify a true modern American character, because true American character does not seek solitude, preferring "the saddle to the streetcar", or "the star-sprinkled sky to a roof", or, especially, "the obscure and difficult trail, leading into the unknown, to any paved highway and the deep place of the wild to the discontent bred by cities", as states Everett Ruess. In fact, in today's world of never-ending comforts and conveniences, nature and "getting away" means setting up a tent in the backyard, or driving our RV to a campground, plugging in the heat, the television, and the cell phone and drinking a beer. Yes, Chris McCandless exemplified what it is to be unconventional, untraditional, nature-loving. What's more important, Chris showed us a particular degree of freedom, what true liberty is about--the freedom not only of the individual, but the freedom of something much higher than that--the freedom of the mind. Freedom from societal restraints of always having to be someone, playing some role. More than anyone, so far, Chris ...

Weight of Marijuana and Criminal and Tax Law :: social issues

Weight of Marijuana and Criminal and Tax Law Conclusive research has shown that wet (uncured) marijuana is not psychoactive. Before drying, decarboxylation of inactive THCA acid into THC has not yet occurred. During the curing (drying) process, the COOH bonded to the THC is released. The result is the psychoactive compound delta9 THC. The State of North Carolina’s laws do not distinguish between the uncured weight of marijuana from the cured (dry) weight, necessary for marijuana to be consumed or sold. No one purchases wet marijuana at a price comparable to suggested market value because approximately 80% of this weight consists of water, both in the plant tissue and chemically bonded by carbon to the THC molecule. No one smokes fresh, wet, uncured marijuana because it cannot produce a euphoric effect. Decarboxylation must occur by drying prior to it’s combustion that occurs with smoking (this does not occur when attempting to smoke uncured marijuana), drying must also occur before eating marijuana, if it is to produce a euphoric effect. . North Carolina’s G.S. 15A-903(a)(1) allows the State to retain only a small random sample of marijuana to be made available to prosecutors and notably the defendants for the discovery rights. This deprives the defense of having all the evidence available to them. The actual weight of marijuana is an essential element of the criminal statute. The marijuana’s weight is the primary factor in determining the NC unauthorized substance tax assessment. ‘Mature stalks’ are found on all mature marijuana plants. The percentage by weight of marijuana’s ‘mature stalks’ can vary widely by different cultivation methods and by genetic variation. NC G.S. 90-87(16) clearly exempts ‘mature stalks’ from being considered toward the weight of ‘marijuana’ for criminal sentencing purposes. ‘Mature stalks’ are exempt because the State has recognized that they have neither intrinsic value as an intoxicant, nor any noteworthy market value. Marijuana’s ‘shade leaves’ are a waste product for marijuana farmers. These leaves are not smoked, and are not psychoactive. Marijuana’s initial wet, uncured weight can be over 500% of the final, dried, consumable and marketable weight. Uncured marijuana cannot be bagged or jarred because without curing because it would mold, rot, and become valueless. The State’s weighing of water content in uncured marijuana has resulted in many citizens receiving far harsher imprisonment, taxes and fines. Marijuana trafficking in North Carolina carries a mandatory minimum 2-year sentence for anyone possessing 10 lbs.

A Comparison of Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespeare and Harris :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespeare and Harris Men and women are very different creatures. We express our emotions differently. Women are typically ready to marry, settle down and have children much earlier than men. Men tend to want to experience life before settling. Yet, there is one thing we have in common. In relationships, men and women want to be loved for the person they are and for the rest of their lives. When people begin dating, they are usually playing the field. Few have a strategy for finding their life mate. It is something that happens over time and as you continue to see that person and get to know them, a bond builds that is not easily broken. This is demonstrated in "Wild Nights - Wild Nights!" By Emily Dickinson. "Futile - the winds-/ to a heart in port-/ Done with the compass/ Done with the chart" (line 5-8). No matter how hard outside forces try to tempt you away, you are finished searching for your true love. You have found it and are holding fast. We are all initially searching for romantic love that will hold fast through a lifetime. Romantic love is defined as love that is unrealistic, fanciful, passionate and fabulous. In "Beginning of the Songs of Delight", Papyrus Harris 500 demonstrates fanciful love through "†¦apportioned to you is my heart,/ I do for you what it desires,/ when I am in your arms" (lines 1-3). In Shakespeare's "Othello", the Moor and Desdemona declare their love for one another, at the protest of her father and the disbelief of the councilmen (Act I, scene iii). Their romantic love was unrealistic because of their age difference, and fanciful because she was intrigued by the stories of heroism and daring that he imparted to her. Passionate love is, by definition, ruled by intense emotion and marked by intense feelings as is expressed in "My body thrives, my heart exults/ At our walking together;/ Hearing your voice is pomegranate wine,/ I live by hearing it./ Each look with which you look at me/Sustains me more than food and drink" (lines 24-29). Love such as this can sustain us through all the joys and challenges life has to offer if it is without condition. Unconditional love endures over time. "But love me for love's sake, that evermore/ thou mayst love on, through love's eternity" (Browning, 260), speaks of love that is grounded in love alone and will last all forever.

Isabella’s Shut Lips: An Answer to the Duke’s Proposal in Measure for Measure

At the beginning of Act V, one will see Isabella kneeling and pleading in front of the Duke to render her mercy and justice. She asked him to consider and hear her complaints first before judging her in front of the spectators. Angelo insists that she shouldn’t be heard for she has lost her mind. But Isabella persisted that she in a sound mind and should be heard by the Duke. The Duke agreed with Angelo’s assertions and acknowledged to the possibility of Isabella being insane â€Å"By mine honesty,/If she be mad,–as I believe no other,–/Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense,/Such a dependency of thing on thing,/As e'er I heard in madness (Shakespeare 114). † Here we see that he (the duke) already mistrusted Isabella on their first meeting even before Isabella could speak her mind. He favored Angelo’s assertions over her confessions. He trusted Angelo, the man that caused her suffering, over her. The initial reaction of the Duke towards Isabella is not something that a gentleman interested in a certain lady would do. It is an initial display of disregard and apathy towards Isabella’s causes and appeals. He could have believed her in the first instance that she speaks of her sanity instead of prompting her more to prove it to everyone in the crowd. He could have treated her more nicely. However, the Duke decided to hear her cause despite his belief that she is insane. He let her state her affairs and her complaints. She said that she is the sister of poor Claudio which was condemned of a crime. In her desire to save him, he pleaded Angelo to pardon him. However, Angelo abused his superiority and implored her to sacrifice her virginity for the sake of her brother. She agreed to it but still Angelo prosecuted her brother. In this event, the Duke mistrusted Isabella one more time. He asserted that it is impossible for Angelo to do that for â€Å"By heaven, fond wretch, thou knowist not what thou speak'st,/Or else thou art suborn'd against his honour in hateful practise. /First, his integrity/Stands without blemish (Shakespeare 117). † He fervently believed that Angelo is not the kind of person that was described by Isabella. Furthermore, he accused Isabella of dishonesty and implored her to reveal the truth. He accused her of being advised by someone to stain the morality of Angelo â€Å"Confess the truth, and say by whose advice/Thou camest here to complain (Shakespeare 117). † In this case, the Duke showed his favoritism for Angelo by defending his integrity and morality in front of the speactators. He could have scrutinized the pieces of evidence first before judging in favor of Angelo. He could have given Isabella a chance to support her claims and complaints instead of mistrusting and misjudging her right away. Moreover, he asked the guards to send her to prison. Immediately after Isabella aired her complaints, he immediately dismissed them as fallacious and immediately asked her to be sent to prison. He claimed and justified this so as to free the people from her scandals and her influence. He deemed it necessary for her to be taken away from the crowd. â€Å"I know you'ld fain be gone. An officer! /To prison with her! Shall we thus permit/A blasting and a scandalous breath to fall/On him so near us? /This needs must be a practise. /Who knew of Your intent and coming hither? Shakespeare 117). † But while the Duke permitted Isabella to present a witness to support her claims in the name of Friar Lodowick. But even before he agreed to let him testify, he doubted the possibility of a Friar having known the woman and would actually defend and take her away from the misfortune that befallen her. Furthermore, he spoke ill of Isabella by calling her a â€Å"wretched woman†. â€Å"W ords against me? this is a good friar, belike! /And to set on this wretched woman here/Against our substitute! /Let this friar be found (Shakespeare 118). † The last dialogue of the Duke was about thanking everyone for their assistance and guidance in the resolution of the problem that they were confronting. â€Å"Thanks, good friend Escalus, for thy much goodness:/There's more behind that is more gratulate. /Thanks, provost, for thy care and secrecy:/We shill employ thee in a worthier place (Shakespeare 135). † Right after that the Duke then asked Isabella to marry him. Dear Isabel, I have a motion much imports your good; Whereto if you'll a willing ear incline, What's mine is yours and what is yours is mine. So, bring us to our palace; where we'll show What's yet behind, that's meet you all should know (Shakespeare 135) However, Shakespeare eliminated the possibility of the Duke being bluntly rejected by Isabella. I believe Isabella would have rejected the offer of the Duke. First, she is still nursing a broken heart from the death of his brother. Second, she is planned to be in a nunnery and anyone who plans to be a nun doesn’t have marriage in their vocabularies. Third, there is no indication or hint that Isabella was ever interested to neither the Friar nor the Duke. She did not reveal any clue for us to infer that Isabella has fallen in-love to either of those personas. And lastly, the Duke has not treated her well enough for her to feel that his proposal is not an impulsive and therefore sincere. As stated in the arguments above, the Duke’s treatment towards Isabella is not something that deserved a â€Å"yes† from her. He treated her without sympathy and care which every man who wishes to marry a woman should do. The proposal was done in a spur-of-the-moment manner. Aside from treating her severely, the Duke have not in any way showed Isabella that he’s interested in her and that he wanted her to be his wife. His proposal is not something that is to be deemed sincere and genuine. Isabella deserves more.

Our Life Is Affected by Excess Clutter That Weighs Us Down

It was a necessary realization to me how much living among excess clutter could harm my health, physically and emotionally. We may think it is just a cleaning process, but the depth of the problem will open our eyes to realize how and why the effect of clutter weighs us down. Why it is hard to unclutter? Why can’t it be organized? Why is more clutter mounting up? Emotionally attached objects are hard to get rid of. New attractive items are found in markets all the time. Consequently, clutter can easily mount up in one’s life.Clutter and disorganization impairs productivity. By knowing these facts as problems, we can start searching for the solutions to make our life so much easier. I wanted to find solutions as I was living with excess clutter! I will be introducing a practical method to end excess clutter called â€Å"Danshari. † Danshari is a new notion of de-cluttering that has been prevalent in Japan. The idea includes the concept of removing the emotional bu rden that comes with having too many items.Furthermore, Danshari teaches people to let go of their burdens and make clear plans for a better future. We need to understand that clutter is created by unorganized people who are creating physical and mental danger for themselves. Physically, if one lives in a cluttered house, one probably doesn’t eat well, because the kitchen isn’t functional. The person most likely doesn’t even know what is in the refrigerator and whether or not their food is contaminated.People start to realize the need of de-cluttering when there is a distinct element of danger due to the excess clutter. However, unless one is highly organized, one would most likely understate the problem. People may think it is an issue of space when they approach the problem of de-cluttering. However, this subjectively viewed space problem can be solved by organizing accordingly by acquiring trash bags and containers. According to David F.Tolin, Director of the Anxiety Disorders Center at the Institute of Living in Hartford, CT, and an adjunct associate professor of psychiatry at Yale, â€Å"Hoarding is not just a house problem; it’s also a person problem. † (Tolin, Frost, & Steketee, 2007) The person needs to fundamentally change their behavior. The victims of this excess clutter problem would be the clinically defined hoarders; however, many people can find problems similar to the hoarder’s behaviors. I must state that the hoarders I am referring to are different from collectors, as an expert explains as follows: A definition of hoarding that discriminates clinical hoarding syndromes from collecting and normal saving involves: (a) the acquisition of, and failure to discard, a large number of possessions that appear to be useless or of limited value; (b) living spaces sufficiently cluttered so as to preclude activities for which those spaces were designed; (c) significant distress or impairment in functioning caused by the hoarding. † (Steketee & Frost, 2006) Hoarding has been reported in a variety of disorders. One of the problems is that hoarding involves the inability to discard worthless or worn out items.Some individuals firmly believe that all personal objects have emotional attachments. Consequently, they are unable to separate themselves from emotionally charged items that they feel holds some sort of personal memory. Those people may object to an uncluttering proposal because they may think and feel that all items are essential and they are unable to differentiate between essential and non-essential items. It is an understandable time consuming process; however, one must realize that failure to organize and de-clutter will often result in decreased feelings of well-being.Kupfermann (2011) in the New York Times article â€Å"The hoarder fights back,† opposes the notion that de-cluttering increases the level of mental health by demonstrating the traumatic experience of the d e-cluttering process at her house. Kupfermann (2011) argued that de-cluttering, Zen-like simplicity, or Feng-Shui practice would drain our feelings and leave us with emptiness. When Kupfermann was urged to clean her house for her child’s wedding, she reluctantly agreed to de-clutter objects with her minimalist friend who suggested going through the de-cluttering process.As Kupfermann’s memorable objects went into trash bags by the friend’s hand, she felt embarrassment, distress, and anger. After the friend declared gleefully there were ten containers to de-clutter, Kupfermann felt emptiness in her mind by losing irreplaceable memorial objects. Kupfermann (2011) addressed a noticeable drawback of de-cluttering, â€Å"Feng-shui experts will tell you that clearing the clutter is like weeding a garden to let the flowers emerge. Clear the decks and you'll make space to let new things into your life. Kupfermann opposed, â€Å"less is not always more; sometimes it re ally is less. † As a self-identified hoarder, Kupfermann falls into the expert definition of a hoarder; (a) the acquisition of, and failure to discard, a large number of possessions that appear to be useless or of limited value. It appears that Kupfermann’s feeling was fear that many hoarders experience. According to empirical evidence, many hoarder’s fear is derived from the belief that they must keep items in sight, otherwise they will lose or forget the personal value these items hold.Kupfermann experienced emptiness which made her feel insecure. The feeling of distress, insecurity, and anxiety caused by the notion of de-cluttering is the factor that interferes most with the hoarder’s problem of organization and systematization. Furthermore, compulsive buying disorder is featured in hoarding. Donald W. Black, MD, Professor at the University of Iowa, stated that compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by excessive shopping cognitions and buying behavior that leads to distress or impairment. Black, 2007) The study of hoarders’ brain activity by Tolin, Frost, & Steketee (2007) provides evidence that hoarders have difficulty in decision making, organizing, and planning. Hoarders’ brain activities were scanned and tracked while they looked at various possessions and made decisions about whether to keep them or throw them away. The items were shredded in front of them, so they knew the decision was irreversible. When a hoarder was making decisions about throwing away items, there was increasing activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, a part of the brain involved in decision making, organizing, and planning. Tolin, 2012) Moreover, since hoarding is associated with difficulties in organizing possessions, acquiring more clutter results in an endless chain of problems for hoarders. Materialism is another dimension that contributed to hoarding problems in today’s society. A new line of products always allures sho ppers despite the marketing strategy of manufactures. The shoppers can have the instant gratification of purchasing an item to improve social status and that will speak of their place in the tradition of affluence. It is apparent that oods have an important place in most consumers’ dreams, if not in their hearts. Yet it is not the goods themselves that people desire, but rather the benefit those goods provide, i. e. , an increase in comfort or pleasure, the ability to accomplish new tasks, and the perception of others when they regard what we own. Holdbrook (2002), the W. T. Dillard Professor of Marketing in the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University, defined materialism in his book, â€Å"Consumer Value : A Framework for Analysis and Research† reported on the importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions.According to Holdbrook (2002), materialism is a value orientation in which individuals, 1) place possessions and their acquisition at the center o f their lives, and 2) believe that possessions lead to important life satisfactions. If one doesn’t see a hoarding problem, one might not identify hoarding behaviors as a high-priority problem. The awareness of a potential hoarding problem and its solution could be beneficial to anyone who is willing to consider an alternative living context and overcome problems of indecisiveness. The process may take a long time depending on the person; however, the advantages are multidimensional.As mentioned earlier, individuals who see objects as value refers to the emotional meaning attached to the possession. With items that have a personal symbolic meaning, such as a particularly important time in their life, a radically different decision making process as a result of organization and structure will most likely take considerable time. Kupfermann’s (2011) experience with her minimalist friend resulted in her rejecting the beneficial aspects of de-cluttering. Clutter should not be referred to as weeds, as those items hold some very important memories of people’s lives.Her friend was not attuned to Kupfermann’s feelings and item attributions, therefore Kupfermann had a traumatic experience resulting in the emergence of feelings and cognitions counter to the process of de-cluttering. One could argue that if the items are reassuring one’s feelings, one should keep the items and not necessarily discard them. It is important to take time to organize those memorable items. Through the process of organization, we will find out which objects reassure positive feelings and which do not. Memories are not in the objects themselves but they are within the individual.If one thinks every object reassures positive feelings, one is presumably living in the past, not in present. People will achieve a significant relationship with de-cluttering objects, finding essential objects in their life. The difference is how the individual took care of these memo rable items; whether to treat them as clutter or keep them as cherished memories, neatly organized and even beautifully displayed. If the item is important enough to keep as a memorable item, one would not just put the item somewhere that is hard to find, one would organize it and possibly proudly display the item.This type of cognitive attribution and style of thought is the difference between the collectors and the hoarders. Another possible drawback of this proposal would be the time for the decision making processes that will enter into making a choice between essential and non-essential personal items. A person may raise the question as to whether or not the decision to unclutter would be correct which may cause a certain level of distress. Most people think they don’t have enough time in their day. When will people find the time to organize and dispose of items when there are numerous simultaneous decisions that need to be made?People are proficient at making excuses. N evertheless, we should realize that in the long term, the time it takes to search and find a cluttered item will most likely be temporally similar as the process of de-cluttering and organizing. I would like to describe â€Å"Danshari (Yamashita ,2012)†, the notion of de-cluttering that is sweeping Japan. It is written with three chinese characters that indicates respectively, refusal, disposal and separation. The proposer, Hideko Yamashita, learned this notion through the study of Yoga which taught her to â€Å"let go,† as signified with the three chinese characters.There are psychological and religious dimensions mostly from zen which suggests the disposal of mental burden, along with the physical excess of clutter. As I am from Japan, this notion was easily accepted knowing the meaning of each chinese character. It is important to acquire the ability to distinguish what is essential to us and what is not essential in order to live positively with organized thought. It is the ability to make firm and logical decisions about what to keep and what to reject, and then engaging in the behavioral expression of disposal. One will gain control and personal reedom from the ability to emotionally separate oneself from those items that are no longer needed. There are many tips to being able to detach from emotionally charged objects. I will introduce a couple of tips; in regards to gifted items purchased by other people, if these gifts are undesirable, appreciate the kindness of the purchaser, then give the gift away to someone who can use it. When purchasing an item, consider if you already possess an item or similar item, and what is the purpose of the item you are considering purchasing. Key phrases to remember are â€Å"optimum amount,† â€Å"optimum quality†, and â€Å"optimum relationship. Keeping these concepts in one’s mind teaches a sense of function and practicality. Danshari (2002) teaches us to discard our lingering, ill ogical, and impractical senses. The de-cluttering practice allows us to realize and recognize the culminating effect of clutter, restricted space, and crowding which interferes with people’s ability to think clearly and act accordingly. As clutter becomes less prominent and cognitions become clearer and free of distraction, the mental condition improves and people’s quality of life improves. The most important impact achieved by Danshari (2002) is high self-affirmation.Humans are sensitive to environmental conditions. Living in a space where all objects suit one’s preference and need, one will feel welcomed by the space. Additionally, quality objects with the highest level of emotional attachment still remain by practicing the careful selection of memorable goods. Moreover, the Danshari (2002) practice will strengthen the ability for the discernible selection of activities and people. Danshari is also utilized as a training module to help people view themselves from another perspective on how much people cling to the past.By being able to re-orient themselves to the here-and-now, people will start to feel for the moment. References 1. Black. D. â€Å"A review of compulsive buying disorder† ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. World Psychiatry. 6 February, 2007. Web. 24 April. 2012 2. Tolin, D. F. , Frost, R. O. , & Steketee, G. â€Å"Buried in treasures: help for compulsive acquiring, saving, and hoarding. † Oxford University Press, 2007. 3. Holdbrook, M. B. â€Å"Consumer Value: A Framework for Analysis and Research† Taylor & Francis e-Library ed. Routledge. 2002. 4. Francine, J. â€Å"Minimalism around the World: Danshari. Miss minimalist, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 19 April 2012. 5. Kupfermann, J. â€Å"The hoarder fights back. † Solo Syndication Ltd. News Paper article. January 2, 2011. 6. Tolin, D. F. â€Å"A Clutter Too Deep for Mere Bins and Shelves. † Nytimes. com. The New York Times, 1 January, 2008. Web. 28 April. 201 2 7. Steketee, Gail & Frost, Randy. â€Å"Compulsive Hoarding and Acquiring: Workbook. † Oxford University Press, Nov 2006. 8. Yamshita, H. â€Å"Danshari – Hideko Yamashita official site. † Danshari. com. Keiei Kagaku public, co, ltd. 20 April, 2010. Web. 26 April. 2012

Design And Construction Of The Luis I Bridge Engineering Essay

Opened in October 1886, the Luis I Bridge is a shaped Fe trussed arch span which spans the Douro River between Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia in Portugal. Designed by the Belgian applied scientist Th ophile Seyrig, in coaction with L opold Valentin ; it was, at the clip of its building, the longest arch span in the World, at 172m [ 1 ] , and remains the longest spanning Fe arch to this twenty-four hours. It represents the swan vocal of wrought Fe Bridgess as at the start of the twentieth century stronger steel of more consistent quality would about wholly replace the usage of wrought Fe in span building. The new span was commissioned in 1881 to replace an ailing suspension span at the same location ; Seyrig designed a double-deck arch span with one deck at the top of the arch resting on wharfs and the 2nd deck at the degree of the abutments, hanging from sinews ( Fig. 1 ) . The two decks have seen a assortment of lading over their life ; originally both decks were designed to transport route traffic, the lower deck briefly carried trolley coachs but is now a individual carriageway route, the upper deck was converted in 1905 to transport ropewaies and widened in 1931 to add a 2nd path. 2 Aestheticss The aesthetic analysis of a span is mostly subjective, Fritz Leonhardt attempted to rationalize the aesthetic design of Bridgess in 1982 with the publication of his book, Br cken, which sets out ten cardinal points that should be considered during design. 2.1 Fulfilment of Function This relates to how good the span divulges the manner it works ; in the Luis I bridge the arch is the chief structural component through which forces are carried. This is evident from looking at the span as the arch is the most significant member. Truss structures in general are peculiarly indicative about the manner they carry tonss, and the Luis I bridge is no exclusion. The structural honestness of the span is called into inquiry where the arch meets the masonry abutments ; it appears as though the top member of the arch passes directly into the abutments but the abutments are non able to defy the high minute this would bring forth, so the top member of the arch must be lightly stressed at its utmost terminals. On closer review it can be seen that the concluding diagonal members on both sides of the arch are of more significant cross-section ( Fig. 2 ) in order that they are able to transport all of the force in the top rim of the arch down to the pinned connexion at the terminal of the bottom rim. Figure 2: Forces transferred to bottom rim Sometimes, one facet of a span s aesthetics must be sacrificed in favor of another ; in the Luis I bridge the truss which forms the upper deck is of uninterrupted deepness along its length, but the attack spans are notably longer than the subdivisions which make up the chief span. Functionally, the applied scientist could hold designed the attack spans to be deeper than the chief span but this break to the horizontal line of the deck would hold been to the hurt of the aesthetics of the construction as a whole. 2.2 Proportion As discussed above, the upper deck is deeper than it needs to be ; proportionately this contrasts aggressively with the lower deck which is significantly more slight despite crossing an equal distance. This difference is non adequately explained by the grounds already discussed. The upper deck may good hold been designed to get by with a higher burden than the lower deck ; surveies have shown that, prior to the transition of the upper deck to light rail, the upper deck carried about double the traffic of the lower deck [ 2 ] . Furthermore, at the clip that Seyrig was planing the Luis I bridge he had merely finished the building of the Maria Pia Bridge ( 1877 ) , designed in concurrence with Gustave Eiffel, which was to transport a train line over the same river. It is possible that the upper deck of the Luis I bridge was designed to transport develop tonss should it be converted to that intent in the hereafter, as so it was. The structural systems for the upper and lower decks differ greatly which may lend to the disparity in their deepness ; the lower deck is a lattice through truss with traffic running within the truss itself whilst the upper deck is a brown deck truss where the deck is placed on top of the truss girder. The province of emphasis within the two decks besides differs as the bottom deck is used to bind the arch and therefore is capable to a high initial tensile burden ; the advantage of shaped Fe as a building stuff was its affinity for tensile tonss and it may be that this excessively contributes to the reduced deck deepness. The rise to cross ratio of the arch is 1:4 ; this is chiefly dictated by the dimensions of the gorge in which the span sits, but the consequence is an arch of typical masonry proportions [ 3 ] which offers the feeling of stableness. 2.3 Order within the Structure A sense of order is given to the span by the repeat of the truss elements throughout the lift. Although the lower deck uses a somewhat different type of truss, the crossed elements are still present to keep the order within the span. When viewed closer up, the members are seen to be composed themselves of multiple elements, and from oblique angles the criss-crossing of these members can look disordered ( Fig. 3 ) . The wharfs and tenseness roads which support the two decks line up to cut down the figure of perpendicular lines and divide the span into equal parts. They are sufficiently near together so as non to do the arch appear otiose, but no so near as to herd the span with perpendicular lines. 2.4 Polishs of Design Polishs refer to the subtle inside informations within the span which can hold a momentous consequence on the overall entreaty of the construction. In the Luis I bridge the wharfs taper towards the top ( Fig. 4 ) which adds position by doing the towers appear less compact and prevents the optical fast one of the wharfs looking to be wider at the top than they are at the underside. In the attack spans where the perpendicular infinite beneath the upper deck is greatest, the deck spans a greater distance in order to keep the aspect ratio of the infinites under the deck. The aspect ratio of the crossed brace in the arch is besides maintained ; where the divergent parabolic curves, which make up the top and bottom rims of the arch, dispersed apart the distance between verticals is increased to maintain the crosses make fulling a approximately square form. Equally good as being aesthetically delighting, this serves the structural intent of maintaining the members inclined at an angle where they can execute at maximal efficiency. As antecedently mentioned, the single members which make up the trusses are themselves tied box subdivisions ( see Fig. 2 ) , this gives the construction elation, both in footings of its overall weight and besides aesthetically by cut downing the ratio of solid to nothingnesss and doing the members seem more slender. However, this elation comes at the disbursal of order. Figure 3: Disorder Figure 4: Tapering wharfs 2.5 Integration into the Environment Pivotal to the aesthetic success of a span is how good is tantrums into its environment ; the arch signifier used for the Luis I bridge is peculiarly good suited to utilize in the deep gorge, and fills the infinite good. Despite the size of the construction, it looks comfy in its environment. The girder which forms the upper deck has no obvious terminal but alternatively gives the feeling of unifying into the hillside ; this makes the span seem like an built-in portion of the gorge. 2.6 Colour of Components Though originally unpainted ( Fig. 5 ) the span now has as gray-blue coating which allows the span to intermix good into the sky, this has the consequence of doing the muss of the truss less obvious and contributes to the members looking more slender. The broadening of the upper deck in 1931has led to the creative activity of a dark line of shadow which serves to pull the oculus off from the deep truss underneath. Figure 5: Original design without pigment 2.7 Aesthetic Decisions The Luis I bridge is a construction of great beauty and much consideration has obviously been given to aesthetics in its design. Despite this, as no point has structural efficiency been forfeited for strictly aesthetic grounds. The structural public presentation of the span will organize the following subdivision of this paper. 3 Structural Behaviour In 1881 the Lusitanian authorities invited the stamp for a new span over the Douro River ; the chief challenge of the strategy was that there could be no intermediate wharfs placed in the river. This was due to high H2O deepnesss of more than 12m, insecure land conditions and a high tidal scope in the river [ 4 ] which would hold made building exceptionally hard. A figure of strategies were proposed and the winning strategy, designed by Th ophile Seyrig, consisted of a tied parabolic arch of shaped Fe building, 172m in span, back uping two truss girder decks ( Fig. 6 ) . Seyrig was familiar with the usage of wrought Fe holding worked closely with Gustave Eiffel in the design of other shaped Fe Bridgess such as the Maria Pia span ( 1877 ) . In this new venture he sought to bring forth a design which would take full advantage of the mechanical belongingss provided by shaped Fe. Figure 6: Elevation The arch is connected to the upper and lower decks, by wharfs and sinews severally, in merely four topographic points ; as a consequence of this the arch is capable to flexing minutes even when the decks are uniformly loaded. Wrought Fe is a stuff which performs good in tenseness and it is apparent the interior decorator expected the stuff in the lower rim of the arch to be in tenseness at all times. A polish of the Maria Pia design was the usage of the lower deck to bind the arch and so cut down horizontal burden of the hapless quality land at the abutments. A farther going from case in point was the usage of divergent parabolic curves to make an arch more slender at the vertex, where it is 7m in deepness, than at the supports ( 17m ) . The alteration was made because of jobs encountered during the building of the Maria Pia span, which has a semilunar arch ; whilst the first subdivisions of the arch were being built out from the abutments it had proved troublesome to supply equal support for them utilizing overseas telegrams and presenting had had to be employed [ 4 ] . In the Luis I bridge the arch is much deeper at the supports hence leting the first subdivisions to be erected more firmly and at less cost, it was a technique which would be used about 40 old ages subsequently during the building of the Sydney Harbour Bridge ( 1923 ) . The long deep gorge through which the Douro flows is characterised by high air currents ; the unfastened truss system used for the Luis I bridge reduces the lading consequence of the air current by restricting the country on which the air current can move. Eiffel frequently used cannular subdivisions where possible in his Bridgess to increase the aerodynamic public presentation of his designs [ 5 ] , but Seyrig chose non to make so in the design of the Luis I bridge, presumptively to do the connexions more straightforward. The connexions are riveted together, in pattern this mean that the articulations have some minute capacity but as the elements will still move preponderantly axially, the connexions in the truss can be modelled as pins without presenting excessively much mistake into the analysis. At the clip of the span s building, there was much argument over the comparative virtues of pinned or riveted connexions in span building [ 6 ] ; whilst the riveted truss was of superior efficiency, pinned trusses could be assembled faster and cheaper utilizing simple tools and techniques. The connexion to the abutments is by manner of a rotational articulation at the utmost terminals of the lower rim of the arch ( Fig. 7 ) . This means that the arch can be considered a two-pin arch and will be analysed consequently. Figure 7: Foundation connexion In 2004 a survey was undertaken to measure the current province of the span [ 1 ] and some samples were removed and tested. It is usual to use measured stuff belongingss, where available, in span appraisal instead than conservative characteristic values ; tensile trials on removed subdivisions of shaped Fe from the span yielded a tensile strength of 397Mpa. Testing to happen compressive strength was non performed so a value of 270MPa will be assumed. 4 Construction Seyrig was a innovator in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess, to the point that he wrote a paper on the topic which was presented at the Institution of Civil Engineers ( ICE ) in 1881 [ 6 ] . In it, Seyrig inside informations his strong belief that the building methods employed in the hard-on of Fe Bridgess has the largest impact on their overall economic system, safety and lastingness. For the Luis I bridge, as with the Maria Pia span, Seyrig chose to use a method of building which least required the usage of immaterial contraptions, viz. hard-on by overhang. In this technique the lasting construction of the span itself is used to back up the building of more distant subdivisions. The paradigm for this method of span building was the Requejo Bridge designed by Jos Ribera ( Fig. 8 ) . Figure 8: Requejo Bridge, Spain In the Luis I bridge the attack spans were foremost constructed on both sides of the river until the upper deck girder protruded about 30m beyond the chief wharfs which mark the start of the arch. The girders were pushed out on a set of four rollers which sat on top of each wharf ( Fig. 9 ) . Figure 9: Peal setup The arch was so built out as a series of premade subdivisions which were tied back with steel-wire ropes to a point on the upper deck girder. The whole arch was constructed utilizing merely two ropes on each side of the arch, so it was necessary to be able to rapidly travel a overseas telegram once it has been superseded by a overseas telegram farther along the arch ; for this intent the overseas telegrams were connected merely to the top rim of the arch utilizing a rounded shoe ( Fig. 10 ) under which the uninterrupted rope was fed. Whilst most of the subdivisions were erected with all of their constituents in topographic point, the last few panels were put up with the top rim and some of the diagonal brace removed in order that they should be every bit light as possible. Once the two halves of the arch had met and the cardinal linking piece inserted, the losing constituents were so added to the lightened subdivisions. Figure 10: Cable to curve connexion The work was performed to such truth that in program the two halves of the arch met precisely, but in lift both sides were about 350mm excessively high. This was done intentionally as it was decided that there was possible for the two halves to be excessively low in which instance it would hold been really hard to raise them. Provision was made for take downing the arches to their right place by the remotion of a certain figure of dramatis personae Fe cuneuss which had been placed beneath the overseas telegram connexions. Once the two halves of the arch had been connected it was of import to slow off the steel overseas telegrams instantly as a bead in temperature could hold caused the overseas telegrams to shorten and bring on emphasiss into the arch. With the arch in topographic point the midget wharfs could so be erected and the upper deck girder placed on top. Precisely the same procedure was used for the building of the Maria Pia span and is shown schematically in Fig. 11. The lower deck would hold been added last, merely by crossing between the wrought Fe sinews, impermanent intermediate overseas telegrams may hold been added to cut down the hogging minutes caused by cantilevering out. Figure 11: Erection by overhanging 5 Loading The Luis I span was built before design standardization had to the full emerged ; accordingly it was likely designed to whatever lading the applied scientist deemed to be sensible. It was besides built at a clip when the Equus caballus drawn passenger car was the prevailing agencies of conveyance ; Karl Benz built the first true car in 1885. For the intents of this study the span will be analysed under its current loading conditions in conformity with BS-5400 [ 7 ] . Partial burden factors, as detailed in Table 1, will be applied to nominal tonss so combined to give the worst possible burden conditions. Table 1: Partial burden factors [ 8 ] Load Type Partial Load Factor ( ? Florida ) Stressing Relieving Dead 1.05 1.0 Super-imposed Dead 1.75 0 Live Traffic 1.5 0 Wind 1.1 0 5.1 Dead Tonss The structural elements of the span are of shaped Fe building with a denseness of? = 7700kg/m2. The entire weight of the span is equal to 29841kN [ 9 ] which is about distributed as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Unfactored dead tonss Arch 76kN/m Upper Deck 31kN/m Lower Deck 23kN/m 5.2 Super-Imposed Dead Loads ( SID ) Super-imposed dead tonss are the non-structural inactive tonss on the span such as route coatings, illuming and street furniture. They have a high burden factor ( 1.75 ) to reflect the strong likeliness of them altering over the life-time of the span ; they may besides be removed wholly should the span be capable to major plants, though were this the instance, traffic tonss would about surely be reduced. Suggested tonss given in Table 3 correspond to a 200mm bed of asphalt route surface. Table 3: Unfactored SID Upper Deck 38kN/m Lower Deck 28kN/m The values are different because the two decks are of different breadth ; the upper deck is 8m broad and the lower deck is 6m. 5.3 Live Traffic Loads The lower deck carries route traffic ; at 6m broad it can be considered to hold two fanciful lanes. Eq. ( 1 ) gives the unrecorded traffic lading per metre per lane ( HA ) : w=151 ( 1/L ) ^0.475 ( 1 ) L is the laden length which in this instance is 172m so the end point unfactored burden over two lanes is 26.2kN/m. A knife border burden ( KEL ) of 120kN should besides be added, placed to bring forth maximal extra emphasis. In this case HB burden has non been considered as the entree routes to the lower deck would be unpassable by really big vehicles and the newer, high-ranking span near by, which is crossed by a double carriageway, would be the more suited path. The upper deck carries light rail traffic, each train has an unfactored weight of 2000kN [ 2 ] and a length of 70m. The trains move really easy on the span such that dynamic effects can be discounted. 5.6 Worst Case Loads For the arch, worst instance flexing minutes occur when the arch is non-uniformly loaded ; this corresponds to to the full factored dead, SID, and unrecorded tonss on one half and unfactored dead loads merely on the other side ( Fig. 12 ) . For the upper deck, two trains go throughing at one-fourth span have been considered. Worst instance shear tonss would be caused by to the full factored dead, SID and unrecorded tonss at all points on the span. Figure 12: Worst instance lading agreement 6 Analysis In this subdivision, the worst instance burdens calculated antecedently will be applied to the construction to determine whether the end point emphasiss are within the tolerances of the stuffs. 6.1 Arch The chief structural constituent of the span is the tied arch. For the intents of this study it will be modelled as a two pin arch, with the lading agreement in Fig. 12 simplified to four point tonss ( Fig. 13 ) . Figure 13: Simplified arch tonss By taking minutes about the point A, the perpendicular reactions are found to be: VA = 21691.2kN and VB = 14644.8kN. 6.1.1 Flexibility Analysis To happen the horizontal push produced by the arch a flexibleness analysis was performed by let go ofing the horizontal reaction at B and using the unit burden method to happen the attendant supplanting at B ( ? B, H ) and the flexibleness coefficient ( a11 ) . Eq. ( 2 ) can so be used to happen the value of horizontal push: _ ( B, H ) +a_11 H=0 ( 2 ) B, H and a11 are found by incorporating the minute in the arch with regard to the discharge length which is rather complex, but the job can be simplified by presuming that the I value of the arch changes around its profile such that I = I0sec ( ? ) , where I0 is the 2nd minute of country at the vertex of the arch [ 10 ] . Ultimately it can be shown that the value of horizontal push is given by Eq. ( 3 ) , where a is the horizontal distance from A to the point at which the force is moving, H is the tallness of the arch, L is the span and W is the magnitude of the force. Multiple forces can be superposed together to acquire a concluding value of push of 21946.9kN. H_1= ( 5W_1 a ) / ( 8hL^3 ) ( L^3+a^3-2La^2 ) ( 3 ) 6.1.2 Line of Thrust The deliberate information for tonss and reactions were used to plot a thrust line for the arch under worst instance lading conditions ( Fig. 14 ) . Figure 14: Thrust line From this secret plan, the minute at any point in the arch can be calculated as the eccentricity of the thrust line multiplied by the horizontal force. The minutes in the arch are shown in Fig. 16 ; maximal drooping minute is 148.8MNm and occurs at 36m from A, maximal hogging minute is 125.9MNm and occurs at 131m from A. For the intents of this study, it will be assumed that flexing forces in the arch are resisted by the top and bottom rims, whilst the diagonal brace resists shear forces ; any axial forces are shared amongst all the members. The force in the rim required to defy the maximal minute detailed in Fig. 15 is equal to the minute divided by the deepness of the truss which yields a force of 14.2MN. Figure 15: Moment in arch This burden consequences in emphasiss of 133.2Mpa in each of the four arch girders ; tenseness in the lower girders and compaction in the upper girders, which is good under the stuff capacity. Axial compaction due to the arch form must besides be considered ; by declaration of the reactant forces in the supports, it can be shown that an axial compaction of 30MN is carried in the arch. Split amongst the entire country of wrought Fe available in the subdivision, this consequences in an extra compressive emphasis of 74.7Mpa. In the tenseness rim this acts as a relieving emphasis which reduces the overall emphasis to 58.5Mpa ( tenseness ) . In the compaction flange the emphasiss sum up to give a entire emphasis of 207.9Mpa, which is nearing but still below the stuff compressive strength of 270Mpa. Metallic members are frequently susceptible to clasping under high compressive tonss. Eq. ( 4 ) was used to happen the burden required for the arch members to clasp. F_e= ( p^2 EI ) / ? L_eff? ^2 ( 4 ) The effectual length was taken to be the span between diagonal brace elements as it was assumed that the cross brace would supply sufficient parturiency to forestall buckling over a longer length. The burden at which clasping would happen was found to be 136MN which corresponds to a emphasis good above the compressive strength of the stuff, so failure would ne'er happen through buckling. f3 values were non considered in the burden computations for the arch as the analysis methods used will ensue in rather high mistake, the excess capacity within the stuff, as shown above, histories for the deficiency of truth in the analysis techniques. 6.1.3 Shear in Arch Equally good as flexing minutes, the tonss on the arch besides induce shear forces which are carried in the diagonal brace members. Worst instance shear theoretically occurs under maximal burden possible which would be 13488kN applied at the four point burden locations on the arch. Moments under this burden scenario were calculated utilizing the thrust line method and so shear forces were found by distinction of the minutes. The consequence, shown in Fig. 16, predicts a maximal shear force of 7242.8kN located at 35m from point A. The shear force is resisted by the diagonal brace elements which act together, one in tenseness and one in compaction. The force in each brace member must be 5121.4kN which corresponds to tensile or compressive emphasiss of 194.7MPa. Figure 16: Maximal shear in arch 6.2 Temperature Effectss Particularly in excess constructions like two pin arches, little strains caused by temperature alterations can bring on important emphasiss into the construction as the constructions tend to be less flexible. As the Luis I bridge is a tied construction there should non be a high temperature difference between its elements, but overall temperature alterations should be considered. In the arch, a rise in temperature would ensue in the arch seeking to spread out ; confined by the wharfs, this would do minute in the arch which would be carried as tenseness in the top rim and compaction in the bottom rim. This would move as a alleviating action from the dead and unrecorded burden so should non do a job. A bead in temperature, on the other manus, would ensue in extra compressive emphasiss in the top rim which is already extremely compressed. The upper deck is exposed to the most direct sunshine, and the solid route surface puts the underside into shadiness so there may be a high temperature gradient which would ensue in emphasiss. The fluctuation in temperature throughout the subdivision in the forenoon period is shown in Fig. 17 where 0 C corresponds to ambient temperature. Figure 17: Temperature difference in upper deck The thermic enlargement coefficient ( a ) for wrought Fe is 12 strain/ C, utilizing e=a? T the strain due to the temperature gradient is shown in Fig. 18. Generation of these values by the Young s modulus of 185GPa gives the emphasiss besides detailed in Fig. 19. Figure 18: Strains ( left ) and emphasiss ( right ) The rollers on top of the chief wharfs, as discussed in subdivision 4, now act as roller bearings which allow the deck girder to lengthen and so relive some of these emphasiss. The emphasiss cut down by the mean emphasis value which in this instance is 6.6MPa ; this now produces the emphasis profile shown in Fig. 19. Figure 19: Extra temperature emphasiss The emphasiss in Fig. 19 correspond to a changeless minute over the length of the upper deck. As the deck is uninterrupted over the wharfs there is no demand to see an extra minute to guarantee the minute at the supports remains equal to zero. 6.3 Wind Effectss Porto lies on the Atlantic seashore of Portugal and so it can be assumed that it is capable to rather high air currents, the span itself besides sits in a gorge which will hold a funnelling consequence on the air current. The arch itself is trussed so as to catch small air current, but the decks, when high sided vehicles base on balls over them, will hold a big jutting country and so may be capable to high air current burden. This is peculiarly true of the lower deck because it is a through truss so the unfastened construction offers no advantage. Suspended as it is by tenseness rods, the lower deck may be extremely susceptible to weave induced effects. Assuming a average hourly air current velocity of 34m/s, akin to the velocities found on the Atlantic seashore of the UK, the maximal air current blast ( vC ) on the span can be found from Eq. ( 5 ) to be 52m/s, where K1 and S2 are factors harmonizing to BS-5400 and S1 is a funnelling factor taken to be 1.1. v_C=vK_1 S_1 S_2 ( 5 ) Horizontal air current burden can now be found utilizing Eq. ( 6 ) , A1 is taken as the jutting country presuming high-sided trucks are traversing the span. When the deck is to the full loaded the truss is obscured so the retarding force coefficient can merely be calculated utilizing the b/d ratio. The consequence is a sidelong force of 1.6MN which must be resisted by the deck. P_t=0.613? v_C? ^2 A_1 C_D ( 6 ) Without cognizing the under-structure of the lower deck it is hard to measure how this burden is carried, but it is assumed that a cross braced truss tallies underneath the deck and prevents the deck from flexing laterally. The air current can besides ensue in dynamic effects such as galloping and waver ; these effects tend to most affect suspension Bridgess because of their built-in flexibleness. The lower deck of the Luis I bridge, which is suspended by sinews, would be the most likely to endure from these effects but some facets of its design provide stiffness against them. The sinews are able to transport compaction every bit good as tenseness, and are cross braced to supply torsional stiffness ; coupled with the truss moving longitudinally this gives the span stiffness in all of the planes in which the effects of aerodynamic instability might move. There are besides huge sums of riveted connexions within the span to supply muffling against quivers. 7 Fatigue The Luis I bridge is over 100 old ages old and has hence been capable to a high sum of lading rhythms, it seems prudent hence to give some consideration to its fatigue public presentation. The span is located near to the sea and so is considered to be in a marine environment ; wrought Fe is regarded as holding a lower opposition to corrosion than other common building stuffs of the clip like dramatis personae Fe [ 11 ] , corrosion is worst around possible wet traps like connexions where hapless care can take to interfacial corrosion ( Fig. 20 ) . The riveted connexions are besides prone to tire failure because clefts can organize during fiction and the pluging action can ensue in local work indurating around the studs. Figure 20: Interfacial corrosion In a survey performed by Fernandes et Al, samples of stuff, including a riveted connexion, were removed from the span and analysed to happen their mechanical belongingss [ 2 ] , besides performed were ace growing surveies, notch stamina proving and an analysis of metallurgical content. This information was used to happen the figure of lading rhythms the assorted constituents of the span would be able to defy. By presuming that merely trucks cause fatigue burden and that one truck represents one rhythm of lading it was calculated that the span had exhausted merely 10 % of its fatigue life and that staying fatigue life was greater than 100 old ages. The survey besides considered the usage of the upper deck for light rail and concluded that one train was the equivalent of four burden rhythms and that residuary life was less than 10 old ages. Consequently the span was retrofitted and reinforced before the new tube line was allowed to go through over it.